Shallow groundwater nitrogen responses to di erent land use managements in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir in North China

This field study investigated the nitrogen concentrations in the shallow groundwater from an ephemeral stream and four land uses： cropland, two-year restored （2yr） and five-years restored （Syr） woodlands, fishponds, and the nitrogen flux in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir. The groundwater nitrate-N concentrations in cropland were the highest among the four land uses. Total dissolved nitrogen （TDN） and nitrate-N concentrations in the 2yr woodland were significantly （p 〈 0.05） higher than in 5yr woodland. The lowest nitrogen concentrations were detected in fishponds. Nitrate-N was the main form in cropland and 2yr woodland, whereas both nitrate-N and dissolved organic nitrogen （DON） were the main species in 5yr woodland and fishponds. But, ammonium-N was the main form in the ephemeral stream. During the rainy season, the groundwater flow with dissolved nitrogen drains from upland into the reservoir along the hydraulic gradient. The woodland between the cropland and reservoir could act as a buffer to retain shallow groundwater nitrogen. The dominant form of ammonium-N in the groundwater TDN pool in ephemeral stream indicated that nitrogen from the village and orchard in upland flowed into the reservoir via subsurface flow. The fishpond was not an important pollution source for nitrogen transfer via shallow groundwater.     

水位对密云水库消落区土壤磷通量影响的模拟研究

南水北调来水引起的水库水位变化导致消落区幅带变化,这直接会影响土壤中磷的转化及通量.本研究采集了陆相和水相分别离水界面1 m和2 m处的4种土柱样品,分别用来模拟消落区淹水和落干情景.在实验室内逐步模拟水位上升或下降,模拟期为9个月,并在每隔3个月的期间收集样品进行分析测试,以研究土壤中无机磷的转化规律.结果表明,密云水库受人为干扰相对较小,与三峡库区相比消落带土壤中总磷含量偏低.模拟过程中,土壤中的无机磷含量始终占总磷含量的50%以上,即无机磷为主要形态.淹水模拟过程中,不同土柱及不同深度的土壤中铁磷的变化复杂,反映了铁磷的含量易受pH、氧化还原电位、有机质等多因素影响.落干模拟过程中,土壤中铁磷和钙磷的变化最为明显,9个月的模拟期后,铁磷的含量较初始值下降了53%~71%,钙磷在土柱表层样品中的含量逐渐减小,而在中层和下层中的含量有所上升.无论是淹水还是落干过程,离水界面1 m内的陆相和水相消落区土壤中磷的转化最为活跃.在模拟的9个月期间,水库淹水期陆相1 m内消落带土壤总磷通量为82.3 kg,铁磷通量为-30.7 kg,铝磷通量为-44.8 kg,钙磷通量为222.6 kg,总无机磷通量为126.5 kg,即消落带土壤中铁磷和铝磷有所释放或转化,而钙磷、总无机磷和总磷皆有所增加.     

Impulsive waves caused by subaerial landslides

This paper presents the experimental results of impulsive waves caused by subaerial landslides. A wide range of effective parameters are considered and studied by performing 120 laboratory tests. Considered slide masses are both rigid and deformable. The effects of bed slope angle, water depth, slide impact velocity, geometry, shape and deformation on impulse wave characteristics have been inspected. The impulse wave features such as amplitude, period and also energy conversation are studied. The effects of slide Froude number and deformation on energy conversation from slide into wave are also investigated. Based on laboratory measured data an empirical equation for impulse wave amplitude and period have been presented and successfully verified using available data of previous laboratory works.     

李家河水库污染物来源及水体分层对水质的影响

对污染物来源和水质演变规律的深入认识是水源水库水质污染控制的前提.李家河水库是西安市的重要水源地,为加强李家河水库水源地保护工作,于2016年12月～2017年12月逐月对李家河水库进行水质监测.结果表明,李家河水库的主要污染物来源是上游来水,其对高锰酸盐指数、TN和TP的贡献率分别达99. 52%、99. 41%和99. 23%;上游东采峪葛牌小学河段和草坪服务区以上河段污染负荷较高,西采峪主要污染源汇入点为养鸡场和渔场.夏秋季水库会形成热分层,水体稳定分层期,在外源污染汇入和底部厌氧释放双重作用下水体中TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数、TOC、Fe和Mn的质量浓度分别高达3. 32、0. 177、5. 21、3. 01、0. 21和0. 235 mg·L-1,其中TN、TP、Fe和Mn质量浓度均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水限值;较高的营养盐水平促进了藻类的大量繁殖,水体稳定分层期表层水体藻密度最高达到2. 18×108个·L-1,优势藻种为蓝藻门的铜绿微囊藻和束丝藻,对水质安全威胁较大.因此李家河水库水质污染控制的首要任务是采取有效措施控制藻类繁殖,同时加强水库上游污染源治理,降低污染物输入负荷.     

涔天河水库灌区土壤资源特点及其合理利用

对涔天河水库灌区土壤资源现状，特点进行了调查研究，对土壤资源利用中存在的问题进行了剖析，并提出了合理利用土地资源，提高土壤生产力的措施。     

三峡库区奉节县土地承载力与移民安置

人口环境容量的研究是提高移民安置工作科学性的基础，通过对四川奉节县人口及土地资源调查数据的分析，考察了三峡水库淹没对库区人口环境容量的缩减；对库区不同区域，不同类型的土地对人口的承载能力进行定量分析；研究了移民安置与环境容量的关系；探讨了通过大农业和通过城镇化、非农化等方式安置农村移民的对策。     

Reservoir Operation with Feedback in a Coupled Land Surface and Hydrologic Model: A Case Study of the Huai River Basin,China

Regarding emerging large‐scale reservoir operation models, reports of reservoir operation feedback for hydrologic modeling are rare, and little attention has been paid to flood control. An operation scheme considering multilevel flood control (MLFC) was first proposed in this study, but more reservoir information was needed. Thus, an alternative scheme was proposed that consisted of a modified version of the reservoir operation scheme in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool Model (MSWAT scheme). These schemes were coupled to a land surface and hydrologic model system with feedback, i.e., a system in which reservoir operation can affect the subsequent simulation, and were investigated in the Huai River Basin. The results show reservoir storage and peak flow were generally overestimated by the original SWAT reservoir scheme (SWAT scheme). Compared with the SWAT scheme, the MSWAT scheme successfully reduced the simulated storage and peak flow at the reservoir stations. For the downstream stations, the streamflow simulations were improved at a significance level of 5%. The performances of the MSWAT and MLFC schemes at the reservoir stations were nearly equivalent. Importantly, reservoir operation feedback to hydrologic modeling was necessary because the reservoir operation effects could not be transferred downstream without it. The streamflow simulation of a reservoir station located on a flat plain was less sensitive to feedback than that of a mountain reservoir station.     

Effect of a seasonal di use pollution migration on natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir

This article aims to describe the influence of di use pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from di use sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM a ected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided e ective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.     

一体式铝盐絮体-超滤膜净水效能与机制

一体式膜工艺以其占地面积小、污染物去除效率高等优点在水处理工艺中逐渐应用.然而,长期运行后,传统颗粒性吸附剂存在加剧膜表面损伤的风险,同时大多数研究所用吸附剂价格较高,如纳米铁、碳纳米管等.针对上述问题,本文将铝盐混凝剂水解后形成的松散絮体直接注入膜池,基于腐殖酸(HA)和密云水库原水,考察了一体式絮体-超滤膜工艺运行效能及膜污染行为.结果表明,仅HA过膜时,第12 d跨膜压差(transmembrane pressure,TMP)急剧增至76. 4 k Pa,将膜组件取出经自来水清洗膜表面后TMP降为10. 1 k Pa (13 d),表明滤饼层是膜污染的主要形式,并且运行期间HA平均去除率仅为23. 3%.絮体注入频率、曝气强度及溶液pH能显著影响该工艺运行效能,尤其溶液pH.当采用连续投加方式将43. 2mmol·L-1铝盐絮体注入到pH为6. 0、曝气速率为0. 3 L·min-1膜池内时,膜污染程度显著降低,第12 d时TMP仅增长到19. 5 k Pa,清洗之后TMP降为5. 6 k Pa (13 d),此时HA平均去除率提高至61. 2%.此外,密云水库原水实验表明,当原水直接过膜时,TMP也急剧增加,运行12 d时TMP达到38. 0 k Pa,而清洗膜表面后TMP降低至3. 8 k Pa (13 d),滤饼层仍然为主要污染方式,同时有机质平均去除率为7. 5%.在上述最佳工艺条件下(曝气0. 3 L·min-1、溶液pH 6. 0)投加43. 2mmol·L-1铝盐絮体时,TMP增长也极其缓慢,12 d时仅增至6. 1 k Pa,膜表面清洗后TMP降至2. 3 k Pa (13 d),有机质平均去除率高达58. 6%.本研究表明一体式铝盐絮体-超滤膜在水处理中具有潜在的应用价值.     

美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流基本特征

金沙江支流美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流沟分布面积广、发生频率高。调查结果表明库区现有不同类型泥石流沟31条,其中属于高度危险的泥石流沟4条,中度危险的泥石流沟15条。本文对流域面积较大、活动性较强的12条泥石流的容重、设计流速、流量、冲出量等重要工程参数进行了计算,并对水库蓄水后的泥石流沟状况与发展趋势作了进一步分析,研究表明在水库施工期泥石流灾害对工程建设有较严重的影响,特别是靠近库首的泥石流对工程的安全构成威胁。水库蓄水后,库区泥石流活动程度有所降低,不会明显影响水电站正常运行。