土壤中可萃取性石油烃的程序升温进样气相色谱法

与恒温进样气相色谱法相比,程序升温进样具有适用范围广、分析速度快、分离度高等优点。应用程序升温进样气相色谱法,建立了以正己烷为溶剂,C₅-C₄₄正构烃混合物为沸点定性校准物质,柴油-润滑油(体积比为1∶1)混合物为定量标准物质,可对污染土壤中C₁₀-C₄₀可萃取性石油烃同时进行定性和定量的分析方法。该方法还可以快速直观地确定出各石油烃组分在土壤中所占的比例。对不同进样方式的测定结果进行比较发现,在使用分流/不分流进样口的不分流模式对馏分油进行检测时,存在分流歧视现象,定量结果偏差最高可达28.6%;而使用程序升温进样口的程序升温不分流模式,不存在分流歧视现象,在测定所含组分沸程较宽、浓度差别较大的馏分油以及污染土壤时,都具有较高的精密度和准确性。     

膜进样-单光子电离/化学电离-质谱仪在线检测水中VOCs

介绍了自行研制的膜进样-单光子电离/化学电离-飞行时间质谱仪.光子能量为10.6 eV的真空紫外灯作为单光子电离的光源,同时利用光电子电离产生O 2＋试剂离子,用于待测物分子的化学电离,通过调节电离区的电场条件可在2 s之内实现2种电离模式的快速切换.水中挥发性有机物（VOCs）以50μm的硅橡胶膜进行快速富集,膜后加入吹扫气加快样品脱附,吹扫气体还可抑制质谱分析器中油气本底,提高信噪比.SPI模式下,甲基叔丁基醚的检出限达到2μg·L-1（10 s分析时间）;SPI-CI模式下,三氯甲烷检出限达到1μg·L-1（10 s分析时间）.该仪器已成功应用于模拟加油站附近地下水中的甲基叔丁基醚和饮用水消毒副产物中的挥发性有机物的快速检测.结果表明该仪器在水中挥发性有机物在线检测方面有着广阔的应用前景.     

入口位置对多入口旋风分离器性能的影响

对称多入口结构有助于提高旋风分离器的性能,但入口位置的选择尚无明确的规范。在Lapple型旋风分离器的基础上,设计了4种不同入口位置的四入口旋风分离器,并采用数值模拟方法研究了入口位置对于其流场和分离性能的影响。结果表明：当入口在径向外侧时,切向速度能够保持稳定,短路流量占比较低,此时压降较低,分离效率较高;而当入口在径向内侧时,切向速度会降低,短路流量占比增大,此时压降降低,分离效率也大幅下降。入口在轴向方向的位置对于流场和性能的影响并不明显,而径向外侧、轴向上方的入口设计为最优方案。     

混合液回流比对多点进水新型A/O/A/A/O泥膜耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

针对中国南方城镇低碳氮比(低C/N)生活污水的脱氮除磷问题,开发并设计了新型多点进水A1/O2/A3/A4/O5泥膜耦合工艺及中试装置.在进水点1和进水点2的进水流量比为4:6的条件下,通过改变混合液回流比,研究了其对系统中有机物、氮、磷的去除影响及氮素的转化规律.结果表明:当平均进水低C/N比为2.09,混合液回流比...     

Tidal salt marsh sediment in California, USA. Part 2: occurrence and anthropogenic input of trace metals

Surface sediment samples (0–5 cm) from 5 tidal salt marshes along the coast in California, USA were analyzed to investigate the occurrence and anthropogenic input of trace metals. Among study areas, Stege Marsh located in the central San Francisco Bay was the most contaminated marsh. Concentrations of metals in Stege Marsh sediments were higher than San Francisco Bay ambient levels. Zinc (55.3–744 μg g⁻¹) was the most abundant trace metal and was followed by lead (26.6–273 μg g⁻¹). Aluminum normalized enrichment factors revealed that lead was the most anthropogenically impacted metal in all marshes. Enrichment factors of lead in Stege Marsh ranged from 8 to 49 (median = 16). Sediments from reference marshes also had high enrichment factors (2–8) for lead, indicating that lead contamination is ubiquitous, possibly due to continuous input from atmospherically transported lead that was previously used as a gasoline additive. Copper, silver, and zinc in Stege Marsh were also enriched by anthropogenic input. Though nickel concentrations in Stege Marsh and reference marshes exceeded sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factors indicated nickel from anthropogenic input was negligible. Presence of nickel-rich source rock such as serpentinite in the San Francisco Bay watershed can explain high levels of nickel in this area. Coefficients of variation were significantly different between anthropogenically impacted and non-impacted metals and might be used as a less conservative indicator for anthropogenic input of metals when enrichment factors are not available.     

共同沟工艺及给排水设计的几点探讨

我国在工程设计中越来越多地采用共同沟工艺,但尚未有国家层面的标准化的相关规范,因此现阶段的工艺设计在给排水方面需参照国外及国内已兴建的共同管沟,尽可能全面地考虑工程设计中会碰到的问题,由此提出一些设计理念。     

半横向排烟下隧道火灾烟气控制效果试验研究

为了研究隧道火灾半横向排烟对烟气排放效果的影响参数,同时为半横向通风排烟下隧道火灾烟气蔓延情况的系统性研究提供试验数据支持,建立缩尺比例为1:10的水平模型隧道开展火灾试验,并对火灾半横向排烟时排烟阀和排烟道内的烟气流动进行理论分析.结果表明,水平公路隧道半横向排烟情况下,理论分析得出的排烟阀处烟气流速与模型试验结果基...     

Response of gaseous carbon emissions to low-level salinity increase in tidal marsh ecosystem of the Min River estuary, southeastern China

Although estuarine tidal marshes are important contributors to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the relationship between carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4)emission, and environmental factors, with respect to estuarine marshes, has not been clarified thoroughly. This study investigated the crucial factors controlling the emission of CO_2 and CH_4from a freshwater marsh and a brackish marsh located in a subtropical estuary in southeastern China, as well as their magnitude. The duration of the study period was November 2013 to October 2014. Relevant to both the field and incubation experiments, the CO_2 and CH_4emissions from the two marshes showed pronounced seasonal variations. The CO_2 and CH_4emissions from both marshes demonstrated significant positive correlations with the air/soil temperature(p 0.01), but negative correlations with the soil electrical conductivity and the pore water/tide water Cl-and SO_4~(2-)(p 0.01). The results indicate no significant difference in the CO_2 emissions between the freshwater and brackish marshes in the subtropical estuary, whereas there was a difference in the CH_4 emissions between the two sites(p 0.01). Although future sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion could reduce the CH_4 emissions from the estuarine freshwater marshes, these factors had little effect on the CO_2 emissions with respect to an increase in salinity of less than 5‰. The findings of this study could have important implications for estimating the global warming contributions of estuarine marshes along differing salinity gradients.     

分期布液生物滴滤床净化H2 S废气性能研究

采用分期布液式生物滴滤床净化H2S废气,以实验室驯化的复合微生物菌群挂膜于滴滤床,考察了挂膜启动及不同负荷运行对H2S的降解性能.结果表明,生物滴滤床在进气浓度110～230 mg.m-3,停留时间30 s的条件下,H2S去除率可达到99%,3 d内即完成挂膜.进气负荷对于滴滤床降解性能和微生物种群都有影响.低进气负荷时,净化效率90%,降解作用主要发生于反应器的前段,占85%以上.前段各种类微生物数量上均多于后段,尤其是硫化氢降解菌;进气负荷较高时,前段微生物数量没有明显变化;后段去除负荷增加明显,由0.04 g.h-1增长到0.67 g.h-1.微生物数量由4.5×107个.g-1增长到5.17×108个.g-1.采用扫描电镜观察填料表面,稳定运行时优势菌主要为短杆菌,高负荷状态下,填料表面被大量的代谢产物覆盖.对运行产物分析发现,大部分H2S被氧化为S,只有小部分彻底氧化分解为SO24-.     

脱硫石粉贮存库气化装置改造

对火电厂脱硫石粉贮存库运行过程中散装机出料口下料缓慢,进气母管及气化槽体中进粉等问题进行了分析,提出了改造对策,石粉贮存库气,石粉贮存气化装置改造后运行效果良好,以60t罐车为例,石粉的装车为例,石粉的装车时间同原来的30min减少到15min.