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121.
Developing Peak Discharges for Future Flood Risk Studies Using IPCC's CMIP5 Climate Model Results and USGS WREG Program
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Sivasankkar Selvanathan Mathini Sreetharan Krista Rand Dmitry Smirnov Janghwoan Choi Mathew Mampara 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(4):979-992
Extreme climate events, floods, and drought, cause huge impact on daily lives. In order to produce society resilient to extreme events, it is necessary to assess the impact of frequent and high intensity storm events on design parameters. This article describes a methodology to develop future peak “design discharges” throughout the United States that can be used as a guidance to map future floodplains. In order to develop a lower and upper limit for anticipated peak flow discharges, two future growth scenarios — Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)‐RCP 2.6 and 8.5 were identified as the weak and strong climate scenario respectively based on the output from the global climate models. The Generalized Least Square technique in United States Geological Survey's Weighted Multiple Regression (WREG) program was used to develop regression equations that relate peak discharges to basin and climate parameters of the contributing watershed. The design discharges reflect the most recent climate model results. Number of frost days, heavy rainfall days, high temperature days, and snow depth were found to be the common extreme climate parameters influencing the regression equations. This methodology can be extended to other flood frequency events if rainfall data is available. The future discharges can be utilized in hydraulics models to estimate floodplains that can assist in resilient infrastructure planning and outline climate change adaptation strategies. 相似文献
122.
研究挪威员工参与民主管理制度的理论框架,分析挪威石油行业安委会、安全员发展的背景及现状,探讨挪威法律中安全员及员工的职能与义务,同时了解挪威安全员工作存在的问题及改进的措施。结合我国石油天然气行业的安全生产现状,在不断完善HSE管理体系的基础上,借鉴挪威石油行业安全生产管理的成功经验,建议在我国石油天然气行业建立安全员制度并在立法中确立其职能和义务,进一步提高行业及企业的安全管理水平。 相似文献
123.
Temporal variability of groundwater chemistry in shallow and deep aquifers of Araihazar, Bangladesh 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dhar RK Zheng Y Stute M van Geen A Cheng Z Shanewaz M Shamsudduha M Hoque MA Rahman MW Ahmed KM 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2008,99(1-4):97-111
Samples were collected every 2-4 weeks from a set of 37 monitoring wells over a period of 2-3 years in Araihazar, Bangladesh, to evaluate the temporal variability of groundwater composition for As and other constituents. The monitoring wells are grouped in 6 nests and span the 5-91 m depth range. Concentrations of As, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and S were measured by high-resolution ICPMS with a precision of 5% or better; concentrations of Cl were measured by ion chromatography. In shallow wells <30 m deep, As and P concentrations generally varied by <30%, whereas concentrations of the major ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca and Cl) and the redox-sensitive elements (Fe, Mn, and S) varied over time by up to +/-90%. In wells tapping the deeper aquifers >30 m often below clay layers concentrations of groundwater As were much lower and varied by <10%. The concentrations of major cations also varied by <10% in these deep aquifers. In contrast, the concentration of redox-sensitive constituents Fe, S, and Mn in deep aquifers varied by up to 97% over time. Thus, strong decoupling between variations in As and Fe concentrations is evident in groundwaters from shallow and deep aquifers. Comparison of the time series data with groundwater ages determined by (3)H/(3)He and (14)C dating shows that large seasonal or inter-annual variations in major cation and chloride concentrations are restricted to shallow aquifers and groundwater recharged <5 years ago. There is no corresponding change in As concentrations despite having significant variations of redox sensitive constituents in these very young waters. This is attributed to chemical buffering due to rapid equilibrium between solute and solid As. At two sites where the As content of groundwater in existing shallow wells averages 102 microg/L (range: <5 to 648 microg/L; n=118) and 272 microg/L (range: 10 to 485 microg/L; n=65), respectively, a systematic long-term decline in As concentrations lends support to the notion that flushing may slowly deplete an aquifer of As. Shallow aquifer water with >5 years (3)H/(3)He age show a constant As:P molar ratio of 9.6 over time, suggesting common mechanisms of mobilization. 相似文献
124.
Møhlenberg F Petersen S Petersen AH Gameiro C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,127(1-3):503-521
Nineteen years of monitoring data from the eutrophic Skive Fjord, Denmark were examined for linkages to external pressures
and drivers, including nutrient inputs, meteorology and stocks of blue mussels. Linkages were examined by: 1) time-series
analysis to document effects of nutrient reduction programs, 2) Pearson Rank correlations, 3) multivariate statistical analysis
(PLS) to identify water quality variables with high predictability and their linkages to pressures, and 4) regression analysis
to quantify relationships between pressures and water quality. Freshwater input, nitrogen load and phosphorus load showed
decreasing trends through the period 1984–2002. The load reductions were only partially translated into trends in water quality:
phosphorus decreased in most seasons, while total nitrogen decreased during winter and spring only. Phosphorus concentration
had the highest predictability (explained by seasonal temperature variation) followed by transparency, silicate, tot-N, chlorophyll-a,
primary productivity, phytoplankton diversity and phytoplankton turnover. The variation in pressures other than nutrient input
confounded the relations between loads and water quality. High biomass of mussels led to reduced chlorophyll-a and increased
transparency, while short-term variability in water column mixing led to changes in chlorophyll-a due to nutrient entrainment
and coupling to benthic mussels. 相似文献
125.
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were detected in sediment core samples collected in Tokyo Bay to reveal their time trends. The core sample deposited during 1950s-2004 was divided into two- to three-year intervals and the concentrations of 24 types of PFCs were determined. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) decreased gradually from the early 1990s and its precursor decreased rapidly in the late 1990s, whereas perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) increased rapidly. The observed trends were regarded as a reflection of the shift from perfluorooctyl sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF)-based products to telomer-based products after the phaseout of PFOSF-based products in 2001. The branched isomers of perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) were detected in the sample with its ratio of linear-isomer/branched-isomer concentrations decreasing. In this study, we revealed that the sediment core can serve as a tool for reconstructing the past pollution trend of PFCs and can provide interesting evidence concerning their environmental dynamics and time trend. 相似文献
126.
不同时间长度监测道路交通噪声比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目前道路交通噪声的监测时间规定为20 min,监测工作量大。实验采用5 min测量与20 min测量进行比较,结果表明,2种时间测量的最终结果无明显差异。 相似文献
127.
阐述了将《大肠菌群多管发酵法》(GB/T 4789.28-2003)初发酵时间24 h延长至48 h的原因,通过对139份不同种类样品进行大肠菌群总数检测,发现有12份样品增加了大肠菌群数,表明延长初发酵培养时间,可以增加迟缓发酵大肠菌群成员检出.指出迟缓发酵大肠菌群在44.5 ℃培养时,均无产酸产气现象,表明引起迟缓发酵的大肠菌群不属于粪大肠菌群成员. 相似文献
128.
129.
黑龙江省近40年洪涝旱灾害及未来减灾对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
洪涝旱灾害是黑龙江省的主要自然灾害。本文提出了黑龙江省洪涝旱灾害指标;分析了1949~1990年洪涝旱灾害的时空分布特性;提出理论损失新概念,较系统地估算洪涝旱灾害造成的实际损失和理论损失;探讨防灾减灾对策。 相似文献
130.
城市震害时空序列的展开过程分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文系统地介绍城市地震灾害的主体,震害的特征及按时间、空间序列的发展过程。城市震害是多种灾害同时发生、相互影响,并且多种灾害在时空序列上都有发生、发展和延续的过程。通过对以往几次城市地震灾害的现象的研究、展示其在时空序列的分布规律,力求找到各种灾害与抗震救灾活动的对应关系 相似文献