基于国内水泥生产现状的碳排放因子测算

水泥生产过程中碳排放因子的测算是计算水泥碳排放量的基础,为了准确测算我国水泥行业熟料煅烧阶段碳酸盐矿物分解释放CO2的碳排放因子,就需要对水泥生产线上相关样品做成分测定和综合分析.通过对国内近百条代表性较强的水泥生产线上的生料、熟料、水泥、石灰石、燃煤等样品进行钙、镁、烧失量、碳酸盐等化学成分的定量分析,并考虑新型干法窑和立窑两种生产工艺类型的差别,分析测算了基于国内水泥生产的工艺碳排放因子.结果表明:生料碳酸盐法测算碳排放因子的结果较熟料法的结果低约10kgCO2/tcl;不同窑型的碳排放因子存在明显差异,新型干法窑的碳排放因子多集中在500~520kgCO2/tcl,立窑碳排放因子多集中在480~500kgCO2/tcl;多数熟料含有少量碳酸盐.生料碳酸盐法不涉及燃煤灰分的化学成分,可以规避燃煤灰分成分的影响,测算碳排放因子采用生料碳酸盐法较准确,并且应基于不同窑型,同时考虑碳酸盐分解率问题.     

Comprehensive health condition assessment on partial sewers in a southern Chinese city based on fuzzy mathematic methods

A self-developed sewer health assessment system using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytical hierarchy process was applied to give a comprehensive health condition evaluation on part of the local sewers in a southern Chinese city based on the sewer video data collected by a sewer inspection closed circuit television （CCTV） robot. Aside from the overall condition evaluation, the structure, function, and stability status of the sewer were also analyzed using the method. A comprehensive index H was proposed to give the overall health condition of pipes with different defects, and Ht, Hs, and If were used to quantify the defects affecting the tightness, stability, and function of the pipe, respectively. Results show that 48% of the inspected pipes were in good condition （0〈H〈0.25）, and about 33% of the sewer pipes analyzed were categorized to be at severe or urgent condition levels （H 〉 0.5）, although most of the pipes were installed only within five years. Frequent sedimentation affects the function of the sewer, and deformation and joint damage affect the structure of the sewer.     

An extension of Multiple Greek Letter method for common cause failures modelling

Common cause failure describes a condition where several components share the same source of failure that causes them to fail or become unavailable simultaneously. The objective of this paper is to present an improved approach to common cause failure modelling within reliability analyses. The currently used methods allow one component to share common characteristics with only one group of components, which may be affected by the same source of failure. Therefore, an improved method was developed, where components can be assigned to several groups of components that are susceptible to faulty operation with respect to their similar characteristics. A mathematical derivation of the method is presented and the theory is applied to smaller theoretical samples and to a simplified real example. The results show that the new method enables a more detailed reliability analysis. The results prove that consideration of common cause failures using the improved method may decrease the system reliability compared to traditional common cause failure consideration. The system reliability decreases more, if the redundant components have more similarities and are therefore assigned to several common cause failure groups.     

大气环境质量灰色聚类关联分析法的应用研究

在讨论大气环境质量灰色聚类关联评价法的基础上,通过应用实例和与灰色聚类法及灰色关联法的比较分析,验证了这种评价法的合理性和可靠性。     

武汉市某区域大气颗粒物的测定与分析

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对TSP环境样品和尘源样品中的S、Si、Ti、Al、As、Ca、Pb、V等30余个元素组份进行分析并计算出各元素的含量,得到本区域大气环境TSP和污染尘源元素特征谱,并通过比较微波消解与加热消解两种方法的优劣,确定出较适应消解方法.结果表明,该区域中的A区污染源主要来自道路交通尘源和土壤尘源,B区污染源来自土壤尘源和建筑尘源.     

氯气泄漏后毒害区的估算及泄漏的处置

运用毒害区计算方法对本部贮存的氯气泄漏后扩散的半径进行估算,同时以扩散的半径作参考,提出氯气泄漏的处置方法.     

再生水中优先控制有毒污染物的筛查方法

建立了一种适用于再生水中优先控制有毒有机污染物筛查的方法.针对样品前处理方法中的固相萃取柱的选择和洗脱剂条件等进行了优化设计,利用保留时间锁定和谱图解卷积技术分辨复杂系统中的目标污染物,并利用有毒化合物数据库进行有毒污染物甄别.结果表明,采用C18柱串联HLB柱的方法进行富集,用1:1(V/V)的正己烷/二氯甲烷混合溶剂和4:1(V/V)的二氯甲烷/甲醇混合溶剂进行分级洗脱的前处理方法,对分配系数(logKow)在1.48~6.41之间的30种化合物平均回收率在52.1%~138%之间,相对标准偏差值均<13.6%.将该方法应用于天津空港地区再生水中有毒有机污染物的筛查,2007~2008年度2次采集样品分别筛查出30种有毒有机污染物,其中有7种属于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中已列入监管范围的污染物,11种未列入排放标准监测范围.比较污水处理厂进、出水以及地表水中检出污染物,发现现有污水处理工艺对筛查出的优先有机污染物处理效果不佳.     

Estimating the uncertainty of pesticide residue analysis from mango using multi-residue analysis and validation of method

Validation of method was performed for various pesticides on mango matrix involving the processing of sample at ambient and cryogenic conditions. The linearity, limits of detection, repeatability, matrix effect, and recovery were studied as the aspects of method validation. The effect of matrix on recovery was found to be medium (20–50%) and strong (>50%). After correction by matrix-matched calibration curves, the recovery was calculated to be in the range of 80–107% and 80–105% at ambient and cryogenic processing, respectively. The precision estimated for the recovery of pesticides obtained from both solvent- and matrix-matched calibration curves and at both the processing conditions was determined to be >20% except for chlorpyrifos and atrazine. The uncertainty established for the methodology was >20%, which substantiates the efficiency and reliability of methodology used for pesticide residue analysis in mango in this study.     

基于灰色聚类法的地铁运营安全趋势分析

为评估地铁运营安全水平,掌握地铁运营风险变化趋势,采用灰色聚类法对某地铁线路运营一年以来每个月份的安全水平进行了分级评价。选取对地铁日常运营具有重要影响的设备设施故障作为评价指标,评价方法挖掘地铁运营以来的历史数据信息,体现了设备设施故障变化的时间特性,减少了安全评价中的主观性。将地铁运营安全水平分为五个安全等级,选取15%、35%、50%、65%、85%作为各安全等级的累积百分频率特征点,建立白化权函数得到各评价指标的灰类白化值。结合各设备设施的指标权重,得到了地铁线路运营一年来每个月份的安全等级情况。该方法为分析地铁运营安全趋势提供了参考。     

省域旅游发展的错位现象及旅游资源相对效率评价——以中国大陆31省市区2000—2009年面板数据为例

以中国大陆31 个省级区域2000—2009 年的面板数据(因资料有限,未计算香港、澳门和台湾地区)为例,运用熵值法对各地区旅游资源禀赋状况进行评价,进一步构建错位指数,对各地区旅游业发展的“错位(诅咒) ”现象进行定量分析,同时结合旅游资源相对效率,对各地区旅游资源开发提出相应的建议。研究表明,总体上大陆旅游资源存在着一定程度的负向错位现象,正向错位的地区主要位于东部地区,且集中分布在长三角、珠三角、京津地区;发生负向错位现象的地区主要位于广大中西部地区。不同区域效率的驱动模式各不相同,东部地区旅游资源总效率主要受纯技术效率驱动,西部地区旅游资源总效率主要受规模效率驱动。效率排名与错位指数排名表现出很强的正相关性,结合两者的关系为未来省域旅游资源开发利用提供相应的建议。