Does subway expansion improve air quality?

Major cities in China and many other fast-growing economies are expanding their subway systems in order to address worsening air pollution and traffic congestion. This paper quantifies the impact of subway expansion on air quality by leveraging fine-scale air quality data and the rapid build-out of 14 new subway lines and 252 stations in Beijing from 2008 to 2016. Our main empirical framework examines how the density of the subway network affects air quality across different locations in the city during this period. To address the potential endogenous location of subway stations, we construct an instrument based on historical subway planning, long before air pollution and traffic congestion were of concern. Our analysis shows that an increase in subway density by one standard deviation improves air quality by two percent and the result is robust to a variety of alternative specifications including the distance-based difference-in-differences method. The total discounted health benefit during a 20-year period from reduced mortality and morbidity as a result of 14 new subway lines amounts to $1.0–3.1 billion, or only 1.4–4.4 percent of the total construction and operating cost.     

典型直升机噪声特点及其防护需求分析

直升机工作时,旋翼、尾桨及发动机传动系统可产生90dB （A）以上的噪声。本文从听感知角度分析了典型直升机噪声的声压级、特征频率及能量分布等特点及其防护需求。     

Value of time: Speeding behavior and gasoline prices

‘Value of Time’ (VOT) is a key parameter in economics and policy. This paper presents an alternative method to estimate VOT by analyzing an hourly dataset on drivers speeding behavior as a function of the gasoline price. Our identification strategy is novel as it is based on the intensive margin. In comparison, previous studies reveal VOT on the extensive margin, but choice alternatives have multiple attributes thereby potentially confounding estimates. Consistent with the range of the prior literature, we find a VOT of about 50% of the wage rate and analyze sources of bias from accidents and traffic tickets. These bias functions suggest that previous stated preference VOT estimates are likely downward whereas previous revealed preference estimates are likely upward biased.     

Planning for the monitoring of pollutants from non‐stationary combustion sources†

The most important constituents of traffic exhaust are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic hydrocarbons and lead. Satisfactory analytical methods are available for measuring these compounds, but the required expenditure in their application to air pollution studies is quite different. Due to correlations between the concentrations of several exhaust components in road air conclusions regarding the expected level of some substances can be drawn by measurement of another emitted compound. But the selection of indicator compounds must be made under the aspect of the source‐specific relationship of emitted substances. The temporal and spatial distribution of air pollutants in street air is affected by traffic emissions more than by meteorological conditions. “Fingerprints”; of typical organic gaseous components of traffic exhaust also were found in residential areas.     

通过控制机舱噪声降低风电场噪声影响

首次对投运的国产某典型风电机组机舱混响时间、舱壁隔声量、舱壁振动、舱内噪声特性、既有隔振器隔振效果等进行了详细测试分析,结合风电场附近最近居民点处噪声污染现状及达标要求,并考虑工程措施的重要性和实施难度,有针对性依次设计阻尼减振和隔声、消声、吸声及隔振等4类工程措施.在只实施前2类措施情况下,在临近切出风速(12m/s)条件下,对降噪效果进行了实测.结果表明,机舱正下方地面处A声级下降约4dB,居民点处A声级下降约3dB,居民点处声环境质量达到GB3096-2008中的1类声环境功能区夜间标准.     

声屏障高度对高铁(客运专线)降噪效果的影响

为探究声屏障高度对高速铁路降噪效果的影响,建立了高速铁路声屏障降噪模型.以武广客运专线某试验段为模型参照对象,采用有限元软件ANSYS和声学软件SYSNOISE,对不同条件下不同高度的直立型声屏障的降噪效果进行了仿真模拟.结果表明:列车的运行速度越大,声屏障的降噪作用越不明显;在同一运行工况下,桥梁区段声屏障的降噪效果不如路基区段声屏障.通过MATLAB数值拟合,发现各观测点的声衰减值是与声屏障高度有关的对数函数;随着声屏障高度的增加,声屏障的插入损失不是成线性比例的增加,插入损失函数的增长速率越来越小.在同时考虑降噪需要和声屏障成本的情况下,高速铁路路基区段声屏障的合适高度为3.45~3.95m;桥梁区段声屏障的合适高度在3.15m以上,在高速运行工况下,桥梁区段声屏障的高度还需增加.     

次声信号产生机理与特性分析

次声监测技术是《全面禁止核试验条约》规定的四种监测技术手段之一,用来监测大气层中的核爆炸。根据次声台站监测过程中经常需要分析处理的次声信号类别,着重介绍分析爆炸、火山喷发、地震等令人震撼的事件以及微气压、海浪等日常司空见惯的自然现象激发次声波的机理及其信号特征。这些特征对于次声监测数据处理、去噪降噪、目标分类与识别等具有重要意义。     

公路绿化带降噪效应及其影响因素研究

以山西省典型公路绿化带为研究对象,在路侧设置样带分梯度布设噪音测点,研究绿化带对交通噪音的衰减效应、绿化带的噪音衰减格局及绿化带特征因子与降噪效应的关系,并通过拟合回归模型,分析绿化带的降噪机理。结果表明,公路绿化带噪音衰减格局呈单调递减趋势,模型拟合不同水平梯度的噪音衰减效应,以三次多项式拟合度最高;绿化带10m内是最佳降噪范围,10～60m为有效降噪范围,60～80m是次级降噪范围,40～60m宽的绿化带可满足绿化带的降噪要求;合理栽植绿化树种,使其成林后郁闭度≥0.6,可使噪音值从路基处至80m处降低31.0～36.4dB,绿化带树木高大并且栽植乔灌草复层结构,会增大林带的降噪效应;绿化带降噪效应与绿化带宽度、郁闭度、100m绿化带胸高断面积等因子正相关,与疏透度负相关,因子的互作对降噪效应起综合作用。     

甘肃地区750kV变电站内电磁环境分析研究

通过对甘肃境内750kV变电站正常投运时产生的工频电磁场强度、可听噪声现状监测数据的统计分析,了解掌握了750kV变电站（包括设备区、主控室）的电磁环境影响水平,为750kV变电站的设计、运行、电磁环境管理以及运行人员劳动防护提供可靠的数据基础和理论依据。     

常州市城市噪声自动监测系统建设与发展方向

相对手工监测而言,噪声自动监测更能真实反映城市声环境质量,随着自动监测技术的不断完善,环境噪声自动监测替代手工监测已成为必然趋势.重点介绍了常州市城市噪声自动监测系统,并对运行状况、存在问题及发展方法进行分析探讨.