黄浦江上游蔬菜田氮素流失规律测坑研究

通过测坑试验,研究了黄浦江上游蔬菜田渗漏水中氮素的变化动态和流失规律。结果表明,蔬菜田渗漏水中氮素以NO3^--N为主,NO3^--N作为氮素在土壤中流失的主要形态将成为施用氮肥造成地下水污染的重要来源;施用精制有机肥或粗猪粪代替部分化学氮肥有利于减少蔬菜田渗漏水中氮素的流失。     

灾害史研究中的年代换算及其软件

“灾害史中的年代换算（TCHD）”软件是进行年代换算的专用软件。本文研究了几种主要历法的年代换算的具体算法．介绍了该软件的结构，流程和功能．TCHD软件使灾害学和历史学等领域的研究人员摆脱了传统的朔闰表式的历法对照和检索方式，并成为灾害史工作计算机化的一部分。     

氮氧化物生态环境中的转化及危害

在对氮氧化物污染引起奶牛亚硝酸中毒事件的调查基础上，通过室内模拟实验研究氮氧化物的转化过程及测定方法，探讨氮氧化物的生态环境中的转化规律，分析其危害途径和机理，研究表明氮氧化物中的二氧化氮遇水迅速反应生成硝酸和亚硝酸，而对生态环境和人畜产生危害。     

潜流人工湿地系统对污染物的去除与转化机理

潜流人工湿地通过硝化、反硝化、累积、降解、络合、吸附、沉淀、拦截等作用实现对去污水中TSS、有机物、N、P、金属以及病原菌的去除。这些作用发生在水体中、植物表面、湿地表面和底部的垃圾积累物中,或发生在根区系统而使污染物得以去除。     

绿色贸易转型政策框架及“十二五”重点政策探讨

绿色贸易转型政策框架,是指一切有利于促进我国对外贸易发展,同时缓解贸易资源环境代价和改善环境质量的贸易手段和措施构成的政策集合体系。本文基于环境保护部环境与贸易专家组(以下称专家组)多年研究探索基础上,依据贸易政策理论,构建促进绿色贸易转型的政策框架,梳理出主要绿色贸易手段的政策矩阵,并顺应"十二五"贸易政策取向和国家"十二五"环保规划目标,提出相应的重点政策建议:一是绿化海关进出口产品目录,进行产品环境分类管理;二是制定实行以征收出口环节的环境关税为主导的绿色贸易政策;三是对生态标志产品实施出口退税差别税率政策;四是推行鼓励进口替代政策,促进节能减排;五是及时修订外商投资产业指导目录,防范外商直接投资西部转移的环境风险;六是制定企业境外投资国别指导目录,把环境影响评价制度延伸至境外投资项目;七是健全进口废物贸易政策,有效防范废物贸易环境风险;八是适度提高人民币汇率,促进绿色贸易转型。     

Chlorination of para-substituted phenols: Formation of α, β-unsaturated C4-dialdehydes and C4-dicarboxylic acids

Despite the widespread occurrence of phenols in anthropogenic and natural compounds, their fate in reactions with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), one of the most common water treatment disinfectants, remains incompletely understood. To close this knowledge gap, this study investigated the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the reaction of free chlorine with seven para-substituted phenols. Based on the chemical structures of the DBPs and the reaction mechanisms leading to their formation, the DBPs were categorized into four groups: chlorophenols, coupling products, substituent reaction products, and ring cleavage products. In contrast to previous studies that investigated the formation of early-stage chlorophenols, the primary focus of this study was on the elucidation of novel ring cleavage products, in particular α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, which, for the first time, were identified and quantified in this study. The molar yields of 2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), one of the identified α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, varied among the different phenolic compounds, reaching a maximum value of 10.4% for bisphenol S. Molar yields of 2-chloromaleic acid (Cl-MA), one of the identified C₄-dicarboxylic acids, reached a maximum value of 30.5% for 4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid under given conditions. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) was shown to be an important intermediate of the parent phenols and the C₄-ring cleavage products. Based on the temporal trends of α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, their formation is likely attributable to two separate ring cleavage pathways. Based on the obtained results, an overall transformation pathway for the reaction of para-substituted phenols with free chlorine leading to the formation of novel C₄ ring cleavage products was proposed.     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Oxidation of diclofenac by birnessite: Identification of products and proposed transformation pathway

Diclofenac (DCF), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, reacted readily with birnessite under mild conditions, and the pseudo first order kinetic constants achieved 8.84 × 10^?2 hr^?1. Five products of DCF including an iminoquinone product (2,5-iminoquinone-diclofenac) and four dimer products were observed and identified by tandem mass spectrometry during the reaction. Meanwhile, 2,5-iminoquinone-diclofenac was identified to be the major product, accounting for 83.09% of the transformed DCF. According to the results of spectroscopic Mn(III) trapping experiments and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Mn(IV) contained in birnessite solid was consumed and mainly converted into Mn(III) during reaction process, which proved that the removal of DCF by birnessite was through oxidation. Based on the identified products of DCF and the changes of Mn valence state in birnessite solid, a tentative transformation pathway of DCF was proposed.     

大气汞在土壤中转化及其与土壤汞富集的相关性

通过现场调查与模拟试验相结合的方法，研究了大气汞对土壤汞富集的影响及其进入土壤后的形态转化。     

Mercury removal from flue gas using nitrate as an electron acceptor in a membrane biofilm reactor

Membrane bioreactor achieved mercury removal using nitrate as an electron acceptor. The biological mercury oxidation increased with the increase of oxygen concentration. Ferrous sulfide could make both Hg²⁺ and MeHg transform into HgS-like substances. Nitrate drives mercury oxidation through katE, katG, nar, nir, nor, and nos. Mercury (Hg⁰) is a hazardous air pollutant for its toxicity, and bioaccumulation. This study reported that membrane biofilm reactor achieved mercury removal from flue gas using nitrate as the electron acceptor. Hg⁰ removal efficiency was up to 88.7% in 280 days of operation. Oxygen content in flue gas affected mercury redox reactions, mercury biooxidation and microbial methylation. The biological mercury oxidation increased with the increase of oxygen concentration (2%‒17%), methylation of mercury reduced with the increase of oxygen concentration. The dominant bacteria at oxygen concentration of 2%, 6%, 17%, 21% were Halomonas, Anaerobacillus, Halomonas and Pseudomonas, respectively. The addition of ferrous sulfide could immobilize Hg²⁺ effectively, and make both Hg²⁺ and MeHg transform into HgS-like substances, which could achieve the inhibition effect of methylation, and promote conversion of mercury. The dominant bacteria changed from Halomonas to Planctopirus after FeS addition. Nitrate drives mercury oxidation through katE, katG, nar, nir, nor, and nos for Hg⁰ removal in flue gas.