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181.
Introduction: Currently, risky driving behaviour is a major contributor to road crashes and as a result, wide array of tools have been developed in order to record and improve driving behaviour. Within that group of tools, interventions have been indicated to significantly enhance driving behaviour and road safety. This study critically reviews monitoring technologies that provide post-trip interventions, such as retrospective visual feedback, gamification, rewards or penalties, in order to inform an appropriate driver mentoring strategy delivered after each trip. Method: The work presented here is part of the European Commission H2020 i-DREAMS project. The reviewed platform characteristics were obtained through commercially available solutions as well as a comprehensive literature search in popular scientific databases, such as Scopus and Google Scholar. Focus was given on state-of-the-art-technologies for post-trip interventions utilized in four different transport modes (i.e. car, truck, bus and rail) associated with risk prevention and mitigation. Results: The synthesized results revealed that smartphone applications and web-based platforms are the most accepted, frequently and easiest to use tools in cars, buses and trucks across all papers considered, while limited evidence of post-trip interventions in -rail was found. The majority of smartphone applications detected mobile phone use and harsh events and provided individual performance scores, while in-vehicle systems provided delayed visual reports through a web-based platform. Conclusions: Gamification and appropriate rewards appeared to be effective solutions, as it was found that they keep drivers motivated in improving their driving skills, but it was clear that these cannot be performed in isolation and a combination with other strategies (i.e. driver coaching and support) might be beneficial. Nevertheless, as there is no holistic and cross-modal post-trip intervention solution developed in real-world environments, challenges associated with post-trip feedback provision and suggestions on practical implementation are also provided. 相似文献
182.
对垃圾转运系统的基本知识做了简要介绍,详细阐述了目前生活垃圾常用的转运模式,介绍了垃圾转运过程中的二次污染及控制技术,分析了现行主要的垃圾转运技术及其发展趋势。 相似文献
183.
We describe intercomparison results obtained in the framework of the EC Directive 799/80 CEE on SO2, Black Smoke (BS) and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) using standard reference materials. Calibrations and measuring methods used in national laboratories were compared to the reference methods laid down in the Directive. For SO2, the deviations were caused by inappropriate handling of the calibration rather than by possible shortcomings of the different methods themselves. In contrast, for BS, largest deviations were caused by differences in configurations of filter/reflectometer and of the conversion curves; for TSP by varying the type of filters and conditioning procedures before weighing. 相似文献
184.
A possible contamination of water resources by the application of pesticides is a problem confronting many irrigated areas in arid and semi-arid areas. The best management practices have to be adopted to minimize pesticide transport and leaching under irrigated conditions. Atrazine dissipation in loam and sandy loam soils has been tested in the laboratory using disturbed soil columns under saturated flooding conditions. All the experiments were performed in replicates. The chloride transport was also studied to test its behavior as an inert tracer in both the soils. Atrazine and chloride breakthrough curves were analyzed with the parameter optimization program CXTFIT to determine transport parameters including pore-water velocity (v), retardation coefficient (R), hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D), and pulse duration (t o ). The pore-water velocity and pulse duration of the solute were estimated from the experimental conditions and kept constant during the optimization procedure. The results indicated that the R of chloride was not significantly different from 1, indicating that chloride is an inert tracer for the types of soil tested in this study. The average R of atrazine was 4.56 and 3.15 for sandy loam and loam soils, respectively. Results also showed that the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient was much higher in the case of sandy loam soil compared to the loam soil for the two solutes, thus indicating non-equilibrium transport conditions. In the case of chloride, D increased from 0.4 for the loam soil to 16.2?cm2/min for the sandy loam soil. Similar results were observed in the case of atrazine in which D for the sandy loam soil was 60% higher than that for the loam soil. More atrazine leaching is expected under field conditions due to the presence of soil cracks and macropores. 相似文献
185.
运用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平下对多氯二苯并-对-二 (PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和氯苯分子进行计算,找到了一个可指示产乙烯脱卤拟球菌(Dehalococcoides ethenogenes)195降解转化这些芳香卤化物脱卤反应途径和中间产物的参数—结构上可能的脱卤产物的分子总能量(ET).以ET作为理论探针可指示PCDD/Fs、PCBs、PBDEs和氯苯被菌株195转化的主要脱卤中间产物,脱卤反应倾向于生成具有较低ET值的中间产物.另外可以利用结构上可能的脱卤中间产物与具有最低ET值脱卤中间产物间的分子总能量差(?ET)作为理论探针,推断存在第2种脱卤中间产物的可能性,?ET越小,则同时存在多种脱卤中间产物的可能性越大. 相似文献
186.
An assessment of the risk to human health and the environment associated with the presence of organic contaminants (OCs) in landfills necessitates reliable predictive models. The overall objectives of this study were to (1) conduct column experiments to measure the fate and transport of an OC in a simulated solid waste mixture, (2) compare the results of column experiments to model predictions using HYDRUS-1D (version 4.13), a contaminant fate and transport model that can be parameterized to simulate the laboratory experimental system, and (3) determine model input parameters from independently conducted batch experiments. Experiments were conducted in which sorption only and sorption plus biodegradation influenced OC transport. HYDRUS-1D can reasonably simulate the fate and transport of phenol in an anaerobic and fully saturated waste column in which biodegradation and sorption are the prevailing fate processes. The agreement between model predictions and column data was imperfect (i.e., within a factor of two) for the sorption plus biodegradation test and the error almost certainly lies in the difficulty of measuring a biodegradation rate that is applicable to the column conditions. Nevertheless, a biodegradation rate estimate that is within a factor of two or even five may be adequate in the context of a landfill, given the extended retention time and the fact that leachate release will be controlled by the infiltration rate which can be minimized by engineering controls. 相似文献
187.
188.
Simon Garnier Aurélie Guérécheau Maud Combe Vincent Fourcassié Guy Theraulaz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(8):1167-1179
We experimentally investigated both individual and collective behavior of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile as they crossed symmetrical and asymmetrical bifurcations in gallery networks. Ants preferentially followed the branch that
deviated the least from their current direction and their probability to perform a U-turn after a bifurcation increased with
the turning angle at the bifurcation. At the collective level, colonies were better able to find the shortest path that linked
the nest to a food source in a polarized network where bifurcations were symmetrical from one direction and asymmetrical from
the other than in a network where all bifurcations were symmetrical. We constructed a model of individual behavior and showed
that an individual’s preference for the least deviating path will be amplified via the ants’ mass recruitment mechanism thus
explaining the difference found between polarized and non-polarized networks. The foraging efficiency measured in the simulations
was three times higher in polarized than in non-polarized networks after only 15 min. We conclude that measures of transport
network efficiency must incorporate both the structural properties of the network and the behavior of the network users. 相似文献
189.
Yuzhou Luo 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1629-1637
Field runoff is an important transport mechanism by which pesticides move into the hydrologic environment of intensive agricultural regions such as California's Central Valley. This study presents a spatially explicit modeling approach to extend Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM), a field-scale pesticide transport model, into basin level. The approach was applied to simulate chlorpyrifos use in the Central Valley during 2003-2007. The average value of loading as percent of use (LAPU) is 0.031%. Results of this study provide strong evidence that surface runoff generation and pesticide application timing are the two influencing factors on the spatial and temporal variability of chlorpyrifos sources from agricultural fields. This is one of the first studies in coupling GIS and field-scale models and providing simulations for the dynamics of pesticides over an agriculturally dominated landscape. The demonstrated modeling approach may be useful for implementations of best management practice (BMP) and total maximum daily load (TMDL). 相似文献
190.
Pozolotina VN Molchanova IV Karavaeva EN Mikhaylovskaya LN Antonova EV 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(6):438-442
It was shown that along the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace central axis, about 100 km in length, decrease of the 90Sr and 137Cs deposition densities in soil samples may be described as an exponential function. At the western and eastern periphery of the trace, 90Sr contents in soils approached to the background level due to global fallout. 90Sr and 137Cs concentrations in seeds of some herbaceous plants have been determined. The radionuclide concentrations and the resulting dose loads upon plant seeds showed an excess over the background level of about two or three orders of magnitude. 相似文献