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51.
The danger to health, especially of young children, from lead-bearing particulates in the surface environment is still a valid
concern. Given the multifaceted uses of lead today as well as historically, the sources of lead must be investigated to distinguish
the etiology of lead contamination on the environment. The lead isotope finger printing technique based on isotopic ratio
analyses (IRA) is one of the methods used commonly for provenancing lead sources in environmental studies throughout the world.
This technique, however, has some inherited shortcomings. Therefore, caution must be used in the interpretation of the results,
as this technique can lead to overestimations as well as underestimations of the true source etiology/apportionment of lead
in specific environments. This paper illustrates this with some examples. Data on geographical information systems (GIS) mapping
in urban regions are also presented in this paper. 相似文献
52.
介绍了美国以排污许可证制度为载体的废水污染源自行监测制度;自行监测方案包括监测内容、监测指标、监测点位、监测频次、采样方法等,依据排污许可证中关于污染物及其排放限值的规定而设计;自行监测数据用于污染源监督检查和制定国家排放限值。对于我国企业自行监测,提出了进一步明确自行监测的主体地位与自行监测数据的法律地位、分行业制定自行监测指南、建立污染源监测数据信息综合平台、加强与企业自行监测相关内容的培训等建议。 相似文献
53.
Nelson SJ Johnson KB Kahl JS Haines TA Fernandez IJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,126(1-3):69-80
Precipitation and streamwater samples were collected from 16 November 1999 to 17 November 2000 in two watersheds at Acadia
National Park, Maine, and analyzed for mercury (Hg) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, nitrate plus ammonium). Cadillac
Brook watershed burned in a 1947 fire that destroyed vegetation and soil organic matter. We hypothesized that Hg deposition
would be higher at Hadlock Brook (the reference watershed, 10.2 μg/m2/year) than Cadillac (9.4 μg/m2/year) because of the greater scavenging efficiency of the softwood vegetation in Hadlock. We also hypothesized the Hg and
DIN export from Cadillac Brook would be lower than Hadlock Brook because of elemental volatilization during the fire, along
with subsequently lower rates of atmospheric deposition in a watershed with abundant bare soil and bedrock, and regenerating
vegetation. Consistent with these hypotheses, Hg export was lower from Cadillac Brook watershed (0.4 μg/m2/year) than from Hadlock Brook watershed (1.3 μg/m2/year). DIN export from Cadillac Brook (11.5 eq/ha/year) was lower than Hadlock Brook (92.5 eq/ha/year). These data show that
∼50 years following a wildfire there was lower atmospheric deposition due to changes in forest species composition, lower
soil pools, and greater ecosystem retention for both Hg and DIN. 相似文献
54.
Peckenham JM Kahl JS Nelson SJ Johnson KB Haines TA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,126(1-3):97-104
Fall and spring streamwater samples were analyzed for total mercury (Hg) and major ions from 47 locations on Mount Desert
Island in Maine. Samples were collected in zones that were burned in a major wildfire in 1947 and in zones that were not burned.
We hypothesized that Hg concentrations in streamwater would be higher from unburned sites than burned watersheds, because
fire would volatilize stored Hg. The Hg concentrations, based on burn history, were not statistically distinct. However, significant
statistical associations were noted between Hg and the amount of wetlands in the drainage systems and with streamwater dissolved
organic carbon (DOC). An unexpected result was that wetlands mobilized more Hg by generating more DOC in total, but upland DOC was more efficient at transporting Hg because it transports more Hg per unit DOC. Mercury concentrations were higher in samples collected at lower elevations. Mercury was positively correlated with relative
discharge, although this effect was not distinguished from the DOC association. In this research, sample site elevation and
the presence of upstream wetlands and their associated DOC affected Hg concentrations more strongly than burn history. 相似文献
55.
Johnson KB Haines TA Kahl JS Norton SA Amirbahman A Sheehan KD 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,126(1-3):55-67
Throughfall and bulk precipitation samples were collected for two watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, from 3 May to
16 November 2000, to determine which landscape factors affected mercury (Hg) deposition. One of these watersheds, Cadillac
Brook, burned in 1947, providing a natural experimental design to study the effects of forest type on deposition to forested
watersheds. Sites that face southwest received the highest Hg deposition, which may be due to the interception of cross-continental
movement of contaminated air masses. Sites covered with softwood vegetation also received higher Hg deposition than other
vegetation types because of the higher scavenging efficiency of the canopy structure. Methyl mercury (MeHg) deposition was
not affected by these factors. Hg deposition, as bulk precipitation and throughfall was lower in Cadillac Brook watershed
(burned) than in Hadlock Brook watershed (unburned) because of vegetation type and watershed aspect. Hg and MeHg inputs were
weighted by season and vegetation type because these two factors had the most influence on deposition. Hg volatilization was
not determined. The total Hg deposition via throughfall and bulk precipitation was 9.4 μg/m2/year in Cadillac Brook watershed and 10.2 μg/m2/year in Hadlock Brook watershed. The total MeHg deposition via throughfall and bulk precipitation was 0.05 μg/m2/year in Cadillac Brook watershed and 0.10 μg/m2/year in Hadlock Brook watershed. 相似文献
56.
Graham A. Tobin Robert Brinkmann Burrell E. Montz 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2000,22(3):219-232
The link between sediment contamination and flooding is not well established, since flooding may exacerbate problems by spreading pollutants throughout the floodplain, or alternatively may dilute contaminants in source areas. To determine the substance of such relationships, the pattern of sediment contamination was examined in a small Idaho town following flooding in 1996. Four heavy metals were tested, nickel, chromium, zinc and copper, in 97 soil samples obtained from sites across the floodplain of the St. Joe River. Flood history and land-uses at each sample site were noted. Results showed that contamination levels generally were not high, with flood areas having lower concentrations than non-flood areas. A stronger relationship could be argued for land-use, with higher concentrations of contamination associated with some industrial sites. High levels of contamination were also found in several samples taken from recreational areas. Further research looking at the potential sources of contamination in relation to characteristics of the flood hydrology would seem pertinent. 相似文献
57.
James I. Mangi 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》1985,5(1):3-8
Two sources of difficulty complicate tying EIA to decision making at the Department of Defense: the nature of the federal EIA process and the DOD decision-making process. Several steps, focused on each of the problem sources, are suggested that would enable DOD to enhance its existing leadership in doing EIA for its projects. 相似文献
58.
The USA is heavily dependent on foreign sources for supplies of key materials essential to the nation's defence and to the operation of its vital industries. For example, it depends on foreign sources for 22 of the 27 metals considered vital to the country's economy. A public workshop on Conservation and Substitution Technology for Critical Materials was held from 15–17 June 1981 at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse, to examine national policies towards resolving the supply problems associated with chromium, cobalt, tantalum and titanium. 相似文献
59.
美国环境监测五大标准分析方法系列特点 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
着重介绍了美国环保局(EPA)开发的五套环境监测标准分析方法系列:EPA600,EPA500,CLP,EPASW-846,EPA200的要点,并简要评述了其特点,这些代表美国环境科学技术最新成就的方法系列应当为我们参考和借鉴. 相似文献
60.
林艳宇 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2004,14(2):37-41
美国空气质量许可证制度是美国控制污染的一项重要的环保措施,经过几十年的实践已经形成了完善的框架和丰富的内涵,可为我国在建构和完善排污许可证制度的过程中作一借鉴。美国的空气质量许可证制度有周密细致的法律法规和先进成熟的科学技术作为支持,在理论上其性质定位为一种事先的全面的许可,在实践上许可证的执行强调企业的责任和技术的更新,并引入排污削减指标的交易政策把环保事业推向市场,这些都是我国的排污许可证制度所值得研究和学习的。 相似文献