PSA application for a PCB detoxification plant

 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a type of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are considered to be endocrine disrupters. According to the Stockholm Convention on POPs, PCB detoxification is being accelerated globally. We have developed an environmentally sound chemical PCB detoxification plant using the ultraviolet ray/catalyst method. The purpose of this paper is to check the design methodology for the PCB detoxification plant by the application of probabilistic safety analysis. First, possible hazardous events were determined; second, the weakest points in these hazardous events were established; and third, the impact when failures arise at the weak points in the system were studied. We clarified the preventive measures as follows. To prevent PCBs leaking into the environment, select leak-tight valves for the piping containing PCBs, and reduce the number of valves. To prevent fire or explosions due to leaks of an inflammable mixture, select leak-tight valves, reduce the number of valves installed in the piping, and improve the reliability of the suppression tank in the isopropyl alcohol (IPA) recovery unit. Received: February 27, 2001 / Accepted: June 17, 2002     

紫外线消毒在污水处理中的应用

介绍了紫外线消毒的原理以及在污水处理中的优势和不足,阐述了紫外线消毒工艺的设计和维护方法,讨论了紫外消毒应用中的影响因素,并对紫外消毒在污水处理中的应用现状和前景进行了分析.     

上海地面紫外线辐射强度的监测

报道了上海地区１９９５－１９９６年地面紫外线辐射强度监测结果，紫外线辐射强度的最大值出现在７，８月份，总体上呈现出夏季－秋季－春季－冬季的趋势，一天中的紫外线辐射强度变化情况是在１２：００－１３：００时出现最高值。     

土壤中石油类检测方法的探讨

通过红外光度法测定,根据土壤中石油类检测方法前处理的时间不同,得出如下结论:用四氯化碳萃取时,震荡的适宜时间为14～18h。     

磺胺-(L-组氨酸)分光光度法测定环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮

重氮偶合分光光度法是测定环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮的标准方法,但所用偶合试剂有较高的毒性,若实验人员在实验过程中出现失误,可能会对自身及环境造成一定的危害。为此以对氨基苯磺酰胺（即磺胺）为重氮试剂,以α-氨基β-咪唑基丙酸（即L-组氨酸）为偶合试剂,对环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮进行测定,可有效避免实验中有毒物质的使用,同时优化了实验条件。实验结果表明：该方法摩尔吸光系数为2.20×10⁴ L/（mol·cm）,线性范围为0~0.200 mg/L,检出限可达到0.002 mg/L,加标回收率为98.5%~101%,通过与《水质 亚硝酸盐氮的测定 分光光度法》（GB 7493—1987）比对发现,该方法无显著性差异,且具有安全环保、操作简便、成本低廉、准确度高、灵敏度高等优点。该方法可用于环境监测中常见的地表水、地下水、海水、废水中亚硝酸盐氮的测定。     

A fast and reliable method for quantitative determination of total mercury in vegetables

A cloud-point extraction (CPE) process using the nonionic surfactant, polyethylene glycol tert octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114) was employed for determination of Hg(II) ions in aqueous solutions. The method is based on the ion-pairing reaction of Hg(II) with Pyronin B (PyrB⁺) in the presence of excess iodide at pH 6.0 and extraction of the complex formed. The chemical variables affecting CPE efficiency were studied, and the analytical characteristics of the method were obtained. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1–40 μg L^?1 with the detection limits of 0.35 and 0.30 μg L^?1 at 556 and 521 nm. Selectivity was also tested. The coefficients of variation of the method are 2.4% and 5.2% for five replicate measurements of mercury at levels of 10 and 25 μg L^?1, respectively. The results obtained for two certified reference samples were in a good agreement with the certified values. The method was applied to the determination of total mercury in vegetable samples.     

Induction of gene mutations in salmonella and Drosophila by soluble Cr(Vi) compounds: Synergistic effects of nitrilotriacetic acid

The interaction between NTA and soluble Cr(VI) (K₂Cr₂O₇) was studied by the Ames test on S. typhimurium and the sex‐linked recessive lethal test on D. melanogaster. In both systems a synergistic effect of NTA on Cr(VI) mutagenicity took place at sub‐toxic doses of Cr(VI). The synergism could depend on the action of NTA on intracellular Cr(VI) reduction, as more Cr(VI) was reduced in vitro to Cr(III) by Salmonella and Drosophila protein extracts in the presence of NTA. A similar enhancement of soluble Cr(VI) mutagenicity was produced by low doses of EDTA.     

顺序进样流动注射光度法测定水中氨氮

将顺序进样与流动注射分光光度法相结合,研发了氨氮自动在线检测仪,用于测定水中氨氮质量浓度.实验结果表明:当进样量为0.39 mL、显色剂体积为0.33 mL、停留时间为5 min、载流液流量为2.0 mL/min时,氨氮质量浓度p与吸光度A在氨氮质量浓度为0～ 15.00 mg/L的范围内呈良好的线性关系,标准工作曲线方程为A=0.01929+ 0.2362,相关系数为0.9993(n=11);检出限为0.020 mg/L;相对标准偏差为0.50％～2.38％;实际水样的加标回收率为94.5％～106.0％.     

ABTT浊点萃取-分光光度法测定废水中的痕量镍*

利用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114在温度高于其浊点时形成相分离行为,建立了浊点萃取-分光光度法测定水溶液中痕量镍的新方法,探讨优化了以1-偶氮苯-3-噻唑-三氮烯(ABTT)为显色剂,Triton X-114浊点萃取富集痕量镍的实验条件。在最大吸收波长为λ=540 nm外,其表观摩尔吸光系数为8.064×105 L/(mol.cm),线性范围为0～0.35μg/mL,相关系数为0.9990。在优化的实验条件下,进行了痕量镍的分析,加标回收率为97.9%～102.1%,应用于水溶液中痕量镍的测定,结果令人满意。     

Spectrophotometric methods for determination of vanadium: a review

Vanadium (V) is widely used industrially, and plays an important role in the biosphere. Sensitive and reliable analytical methods to determine V in various kinds of samples are of extensive interest. Mainly two spectrophotometric methods developed in the last decade are discussed, namely complex formation methods and catalytic methods. The former is based on either oxidation or reduction of V leading to coloured complexes with proper reagents; they are applicable to determination of V at the mg L^?1 level. Catalytic methods are based on the ability of V to catalyse the oxidation of various organic dyes and are applicable to determination at the μg L^?1 level. Both methods are used for determination of V in environmental and biological samples.