基于3S技术的危险废物污染事故预警系统

运用卫星遥感(RS)技术、地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS),按国家、省、市、县4级模式,建立突发性危险废物污染事故预警系统.国家级预警系统主要对跨省界及跨国突发性污染事故进行应急处置,对省级应急事故处置进行指导;省级预警系统主要对跨市界突发性污染事故进行应急处置,并指导市级污染事故应急处置;市级预警系统主要负责跨县界突发性污染事故的应急处置并指导县级污染事故应急处置;县级预警系统主要负责本行政区内的突发性污染事故的应急处置.建立4级预警系统的主要目的是使各级政府突出重点,集中解决本行政区域内突发性环境污染事故的应急处置,从管理层面上在全国建立一个能对突发性污染事故实施统一指挥协调、现场快速监测和应急处理,又能对污染隐患进行监控和警告的应急响应系统.以辽宁省辽河为案例,通过3S技术的综合运用,构建省级流域突发性危险废物污染事故预警系统方案,为政府应急决策提供快速服务.     

流域突发水污染事件应急处置工程削污技术

针对我国重大环境污染事件应急处置需求,系统分析总结了典型水环境污染应急处置案例,经凝练、集成和应用验证,形成并完善了流域突发水污染事件应急处置工程削污技术。从必要性、可行性等角度论述了工程削污技术的选择原则,总结了流域突发环境事件中重金属和类金属、有机物和还原性污染物等典型污染物的削减和应急处置方法,归纳了应急处置工程中实施削污措施的技术要点,形成了流域突发环境污染事件应急处置工程削污技术储备库,将为今后流域突发环境事件应急处置和管理提供支撑。     

German fishery’s adaptation to historic events,Western Baltic Sea, 1890–1950

Marine social-ecological systems (SES) have been providing important cultural, social, and economic services for many centuries. They are, however, increasingly threatened by fast changing environmental, ecological, and socio-economic conditions. As historical marine research is increasingly developing into a multidisciplinary endeavour, it offers outstanding points of departure to analyse historic events and the response and adaptation of the respective SES. Such knowledge helps to inform today’s fisheries management and promotes successful management of changing ecosystems. Here, we compile and analyse historical data (1890–1950) of the German Western Baltic Sea fishery SES. This period is characterised by a series of strong impacts due to political, technological, economic, and ecological changes, such as two world wars, a global economic crisis, and other economic or ecological disasters. In our opinion, potential negative effects of those events were in the past attenuated by the system’s high capacity to adapt. However, most of the fishers´ historic options on how to respond and adapt have recently become no longer available. New threats (e.g. climate change) have emerged instead. We conclude that today’s fisheries management needs to integrate options of adaptation by exhausting all present or future opportunities. Adaptive fisheries management should not only focus on environmental change but need to include socio-economic change as well.     

国外事件及事件旅游研究进展与启示

通过检索近年来的相关期刊,同时参考相关专著,从研究内容和研究方法两个方面分别进行分析,认为事件旅游的体验、动机、规划与管理、影响、模式与进程是当前事件旅游研究的主要内容,研究方法主要表现为结合具体案例的描述性分析和统计抽样分析。结果宏观地反映了近些年来国外事件旅游研究的现状,提出了事件旅游研究的未来趋势。     

Risk analysis in Natech events: State of the art

Natech events (Natural Hazard Triggering Technological Disasters) are industrial accidents caused by natural events such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and so on. In recent decades, the probability of these events occurring has increased, activating the interest of researchers in the study of new methods of risk analysis to prevent and mitigate possible damage to people, the environment, and processing facilities. On the other hand, the concept of multi-hazard is summarized in the combination of two or more threat factors manifested in isolated, simultaneous manner, or by chain reaction, to produce a trigger event of a disaster, where hazardous events can be one or more natural events. Considering that, it is essential to know the progress in risk analysis for Natech events, to identify the gaps for future research. Therefore, in this paper, a systematic review of the Natech events literature with single and multi-hazard approaches was developed. The review was conducted by searching the Science Direct, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for scientific documents. Subsequently, the words Natech and Multi-hazard were taken as keywords, and 208 results were obtained. Then, some management documents were consulted in international organizations to compare academic literature and industrial risk management. In conclusion, the risk analysis methods revised are specific to a particular hazard and apply mainly to earthquakes, floods, and lightning. Regarding a multi-hazard approach, the methods focus on risk mitigation in urban areas without taking into account Natech risk. In the case of industrial risk assessment, some methodologies were found that briefly consider Natech risk in risk assessment processes in industry.     

Lessons learnt from a crisis event: How to foster a sound safety culture

Recent events in the nuclear industry have blamed a declining safety culture both on the utility and regulatory side as the major responsible. Confidence in the nuclear industry can be dramatically affected by such events. In this context, the present paper analyses a recent crisis event that involved a research reactor. It shows the time history of the event and how its escalation brought to a temporary shut down of the reactor. In-depth analysis of the event pointed out safety culture deficiencies within the organization. The paper presents the key elements in the ensuing organizational change process and describes the different phases (short and long term approaches), players and measures involved in the process that the organisation set up to address deficiencies and improve safety culture. The case represents an interesting example from which important lessons can be learnt. In particular, staff motivation in terms of involvement in improvement activities is considered central in managing safety.     

三氯氢硅储罐环境风险评价事故树分析

采用事件树和故障树分析方法,对三氯氢硅储罐风险事故源进行了定量和定性分析。事件树定量分析结果为：储罐一旦发生泄漏事故,三氯氢硅泄漏事故概率为6．16×10-6,火灾、爆炸事故概率为3．08×10-6,中毒事故概率为7．61×10-7。故障树定性分析结果为：三氯氢硅蒸汽与空气混合浓度达到爆炸极限事件的结构重要度最大,其次是三氯氢硅泄漏事件,再次是点火源及罐区存在冷却水事件。通过事件树一故障树分析,探讨了储罐泄漏的事故后果及火灾、爆炸事故的主要原因,并提出了相应的防范措施。     

城市路面径流污染负荷及采样次数对其估算准确性的影响

在西安市城市主干道南二环路建立路面径流原位采样站,利用自制流量等比例采样装置,采集2009年3月-2010年2月的36场降雨径流,测试各场次径流SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH4-N、Pb、Zn和溶解态Pb、Zn的事件平均浓度(EMC),计算径流年污染负荷,并采用随机抽样方法研究采样次数对污染负荷估算准确性的影响.结果...     

新疆极端水文事件年内分布的非均匀性

利用1901-2010年的资料,采用传统统计方法以及新引入的衡量年内分布情况的集中度、集中指数,对比分析了新疆极端水文事件的年内分布特征。分析发现,传统统计方法和集中度、集中指数得出的年内分布具有很好的一致性,是一种可靠的分析方法,今后可以借鉴使用。结果表明:新疆极端水文事件年内分布极不均匀,夏半年和夏季的集中指数较大,而冬半年和冬季的集中指数较小,即大部分地区极端水文事件主要发生在夏半年,冬半年发生相对较少,但北疆的阿勒泰地区冬半年极端水文事件较多;吐鲁番的极端水文事件年内分布非常集中,乌鲁木齐、奎屯—石河子、阿克苏地区次之,阿勒泰地区集中度最小。     

基于贝叶斯网络的突发事件影响度研究

不确定性的知识表示和推理是突发事件影响度评估中需要解决的重要问题。针对突发事件评估信息的多样性、不确定性及模糊性,利用贝叶斯网络易于进行不确定性推理的优点,提出了采用贝叶斯网络对突发事件影响度进行评价,建立了评价模型,给出了推理决策方法,并且对该方法进行了算例分析。算例表明,基于贝叶斯网络的突发事件影响度评价模型能够提高评估的准确度及对突发事件的响应能力。