污泥堆肥过程中水溶性有机物光谱学变化特征

采用光谱分析技术，研究了污泥堆肥过程中水溶性有机物的组成与结构特征变化。红外和紫外光谱显示：在42天的堆肥过程中水溶性有机物中NH4^ 含量和多糖类物质含量逐渐减少，而羧基和含苯环的物质含量明显增加。荧光光谱和E4／D6比结果进一步证实，随着堆肥的进行水溶性有机物的芳构化程度增大，样品中的腐殖类物质与富啡酸相似。     

磁混凝工艺处理市政废水中的污染物去除特征研究

本研究对2个磁混凝站点进行了水质分析与溶解性有机物（DOM）的系统表征，考察了市政废水在磁混凝过程中的污染物去除效果与DOM去除特征，分析了强化磁混凝过程关键作用.研究发现：磁混凝可显著去除浊度、悬浮态有机物和磷，2个站点TCOD和TP去除率分别为52.53%/76.78%和64.41%/81.59%.市政废水DOM组成复杂，内源性DOM占比较高，两个站点DOM种类相似，但B站点进水有机物含量略少，且芳香类DOM占比较低.磁混凝对DOM具有显著的去除效果，主要去除高腐殖化程度、芳香性、聚合度、疏水性的大分子有机物，络氨酸类蛋白是主要的去除物质.B站点强化药剂的投加显著提升DOM和氨氮的去除效果，TOC和氨氮的去除率可达40.01%和36.08%，同时磷和TCOD的混凝效果也得到一定强化.本研究揭示了磁混凝过程污染物去除特征，促进了磁混凝过程的理解，为磁混凝在水处理中的推广应用提供了有效支撑.     

河口区溶解有机物三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析及其示踪特性

利用激发发射矩阵荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),研究了九龙江口有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光组分特征及其河口动力学行为,并探讨其作为河口区有机污染示踪指标的可行性.利用PARAFAC模型识别出九龙江口CDOM由2类4个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(240,310/382nm)、C2(230,250,340/422nm)、C4(260,390/482nm)及类蛋白质荧光组分C3(225,275/342nm).模型结果表明,传统寻峰法指认的短波类腐殖质A峰区域(240～290/380～480nm)实际上并非一个单独的荧光峰,而是若干荧光组分的组合,并且它与传统上指认的长波区海源类腐殖质M峰、陆源类腐殖质C峰之间存在内在联系.包含M峰的C1组分在河口区随盐度增加呈稀释降低趋势,表明M峰并不能被认为是海洋来源的专有特征峰.类腐殖质组分C1和C2在盐度6的河口最大浑浊带区表现出一定的添加行为,之后在河口混合过程中呈保守行为,而类腐殖质荧光组分C4则在整个河口混合过程中都呈保守行为.类蛋白质荧光组分C3在河口混合过程中呈不保守行为,并且在总荧光组分中所占比例在高盐度区呈上升趋势.EEM-PARAFAC不仅可示踪九龙江不同支流DOM的特征,并且还可很好地示踪九龙江口的有机污染程度.     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱技术的饮用水中痕量恩诺沙星和环丙沙星快速检测

近年来,抗生素的滥用引发抗生素抗性基因在环境中的传播和扩散,对生态系统与人类健康构成潜在威胁,特别是饮用水中抗生素污染事件的相关报道引发社会极大关注.因此,如何实现应急公共卫生事件中的痕量抗生素快检成为研究热点.基于表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）技术,并结合磁性固相萃取（MSPE）样品前处理方法,构建了饮用水水样中ng ·L^-1水平喹诺酮类抗生素的快速检测方法.借助于磁性氧化石墨烯复合纳米材料（Fe₃ O₄@SiO₂-GO）的高吸附容量所提供的高富集能力,成功实现了饮用水中1.0 ng ·L^-1恩诺沙星（ENR）和5.0 ng ·L^-1环丙沙星（CIP）的加标检出,回收率在77.5%~91.5%之间,满足当前饮用水水质检测的要求.对于有机基质复杂的湖水等环境水样,萃取材料的选择性尚有待于进一步提升.     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术在环境领域中的应用动态

激光诱导击穿光谱技术是一种通过分析物质等离子体发射光谱而获取物质成分和含量的分析技术。近些年,该技术已经成为光谱学领域的研究热点且发展迅速,涌现出多种新的检测手段和仪器。从它的基本原理、发展历史及其在土壤、水和大气等生态环境保护领域的应用情况为基础,分析总结其优点以及所面临的问题和挑战。     

膜生物反应器污泥内源消化及SMP变化

膜生物反应器（MBR）中高污泥浓度和低F/M会导致部分微生物长期处于贫营养状态下,因此采用污泥内源消化试验模拟MBR中实际存在的贫营养现象。比较了好氧消化（AD）和好氧/缺氧消化（A/A/D）2种模式对于A²O+MBR工艺剩余污泥的内源消化效果及SMP的变化。研究结果表明,常温条件下A/A/D 20 d MLVSS的去除率可达到50%,AD为42%,缺氧段的引入促进了有机物和营养物质等的释放和去除,SMP浓度均呈现出显著降低而后缓慢增长并趋于稳定的趋势。EEM光谱分析表明,SMP中不同的荧光物质在内源消化过程中呈现出不同的变化规律。GPC分析认为,内源消化过程中SMP的分子量范围逐渐扩大,小分子量有机物呈增长趋势,A/A/D对SMP的降解比AD更为有效。     

Characterization of binding site heterogeneity for copper within dissolved organic matter fractions using two-dimensional correlation fluorescence spectroscopy

The heterogeneity of copper binding characteristics for dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions was investigated based on the fluorescence quenching of the synchronous fluorescence spectra upon the addition of copper and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). Hydrophobic acid (HoA) and hydrophilic (Hi) fractions of two different DOM (algal and leaf litter DOM) were used for this study. For both DOM, fluorescence quenching occurred at a wider range of wavelengths for the HoA fractions compared to the Hi fractions. The combined information of the synchronous and asynchronous maps derived from 2D-COS provided a clear picture of the heterogeneous distribution of the copper binding sites within each DOM fraction, which was not readily recognized by a simple comparison of the changes in the synchronous fluorescence spectra upon the addition of copper. For the algal DOM, higher stability constants were exhibited for the HoA versus the Hi fractions. The logarithms of the stability constants ranged from 4.8 to 6.1 and from 4.5 to 5.0 for the HoA and the Hi fractions of the algal DOM, respectively, depending on the associated wavelength and the fitted models. In contrast, no distinctive difference in the binding characteristics was found between the two fractions of the leaf litter DOM. This suggests that influences of the structural and chemical properties of DOM on copper binding may differ for DOM from different sources. The relative difference of the calculated stability constants within the DOM fractions were consistent with the sequential orders interpreted from the asynchronous 2D-COS. It is expected that 2D-COS will be widely applied to other DOM studies requiring detailed information on the heterogeneous nature and subsequent effects under a range of environmental conditions.     

影响总氮准确定量的光谱检测因素

对现行的双波长紫外分光光度法在测定水体总氮中由光学检测本身所产生的影响因素进行了探讨,提出了一种基于三波长的光谱检测总氮量的方法。结果表明,由于仪器信号波动或光散射引起的光谱检测基线上移所造成的误差可以用在NO3-没有吸收的340 nm处的吸光度加以判断,从而用三波长的方法扣除由于光谱基线上移对220 nm和275 nm处吸光度检测的干扰。对2个水样进行同样的光谱检测,以不同的计算公式所得的数据比较可以看出,三波长法明显优于双波长法。三波长法检测重现性相对偏差小于0.2%,其总氮含量的结果要比双波长法高7%～16%。这也解决了人们对总氮含量测定结果总是偏低的困惑。     

博斯腾湖有色可溶性有机物来源及季节变化特征

博斯腾湖是中国西北地区最大的外流湖,近年来随着湖区周边废水排入量的增加,严重威胁到湖泊周边地区居民的饮用水安全.对博斯腾湖开展有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的来源及季节变化研究对该湖水质保护具有非常重要的意义.通过平行因子分析法解析博斯腾湖CDOM三维荧光光谱,得到类腐殖酸组分C1(255 nm/420 nm),类酪氨酸组分C2(270 nm/324 nm)和类色氨酸组分C3(230 nm/340 nm).2018年夏季盐度与C1呈显著负相关(r=-0.64,p<0.01),与C2呈显著正相关(r=0.65,p<0.01),这表明河流等外界输入是夏季湖水中类蛋白质和类腐殖质荧光组分的主要来源,夏季强烈的蒸发作用使得微生物活性增强.而2019年秋季盐度与C3呈显著正相关(r=0.70,p<0.01),与C2呈显著负相关(r=-0.51,p<0.05),意味着淡水输入直接稀释河口区CDOM中的类蛋白组分.整体上,博斯腾湖CDOM浓度在黄水区附近最大,且夏季CDOM浓度较秋季更大(t-test,p<0.001),意味着夏季水质更差.河口区各指标的变异程度较大,受淡...     

Combining chemical sequential extractions with 3D fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize sludge organic matter

The design and management of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge (SS) require a relevant characterisation of the sludge organic matter (OM). Methods currently used are time-consuming and often insufficiently informative. A new method combining chemical sequential extractions (CSE) with 3D fluorescence spectroscopy was developed to provide a relevant SS characterisation to assess both OM bioaccessibility and complexity which govern SS biodegradability. CSE fractionates the sludge OM into 5 compartments of decreasing accessibility. First applied on three SS samples with different OM stability, fractionation profiles obtained were in accordance with the latter. 3D fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the bioaccessible compartments were mainly constituted of simple and easily biodegradable OM while the unaccessible ones were largely made of complex and refractory OM. Then, primary, secondary and anaerobically digested sludge with different biodegradabilities were tested. Complexity revealed by 3D fluorescence spectroscopy was linked with biodegradability and chemical accessibility was correlated with sludge bioaccessibility.