In-stand scenic beauty of variable retention harvests and mature forests in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: The effects of basal area, density, retention pattern and down wood

Tensions between amenity- and timber-based economies in the U.S. and Canadian Pacific Northwest motivated a study of scenic beauty inside mature forests and timber harvests. A diverse sample of regional forests, measures of forest structure, and large, representative samples of photographs and public judges were employed to measure scenic beauty inside un-harvested mature and old-growth forests, and timber harvests. The latter varied systematically in down wood levels and retention level and pattern. Scenic beauty tended to be optimized at a basal area of 110–155 m³/ha and/or 700–900 trees/ha. Older forests and those with larger trees were perceived to be more beautiful. In harvests, greater retention levels, less down wood, and dispersed rather than aggregated retention patterns contributed to aesthetic improvements. Green-tree retention harvests offer considerable potential gains in perceived scenic beauty compared to perceived very ugly clearcuts, particularly at higher retention levels. These gains are more reliable from dispersed retention patterns. The silvicultural parameters studied change strength in affecting scenic beauty with changes in retention level. These interactions are explored in relation to a range of scenic quality objectives as an aid to planners, visual impact analysts, and silviculturists.     

从栅格到县域:中国粮食生产的资源潜力区域差异分析

粮食安全是国家安全的重要组成部分。论文通过构建生产潜力模型,利用GIS技术,定量计算了1km×1km栅格和县域尺度中国粮食生产潜力;通过对粮食生产的资源禀赋状况逐级评判,揭示了中国不同地区粮食生产的资源潜力。结果表明:中国平均光温、水资源和土地资源分别具备1倍多、1倍以及近1/3的增长空间。中国县域粮食资源潜力差异显著,内蒙古及长城沿线以及黄土高原地区为县域粮食资源可开发空间较大的区域,西北、黄淮海、四川盆地区为可开发程度较低的地区。     

基于网格数据空间分析方法的罗甸县生态环境敏感性评价

喀斯特山区是生态环境相对脆弱的地带,其生态功能受地质环境的影响。以国家重点生态功能区罗甸县为研究区,选取水土流失、石漠化、生境以及气象要素四个评价指标,利用栅格数据GIS空间分析方法对各评价因子进行量化提取,采用层次分析法和综合指标法,对各评价指标进行空间叠加分析,划分出研究区域生态环境敏感性等级,评价和分析了罗甸县域生态环境敏感性程度及其空间分布状况。结果表明:罗甸县生态环境敏感评价以中度以下敏感为主,中度以下敏感区域占县域总面积的98.12%,高度以上敏感区域极少。地质背景、地形地貌以及气候是导致罗甸县生态环境敏感的主导因素。     

安徽省内电网设备常用钢材大气腐蚀试验研究

目的针对在安徽省内H1、R1及T28三个站点自然环境下暴露1年后的Q235、40Cr及镀锌钢,开展腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物及腐蚀层形貌的研究,探讨其大气腐蚀机理。方法采用称量法计算腐蚀质量损失,通过光学及电子显微镜法观察腐蚀层表面及截面形貌,用电子能谱仪测试微区成分,用X-射线衍射法测试腐蚀层的物相构成。结果 Q235、40Cr的大气腐蚀产物为Fe OOH、Fe3O4、Fe(OH)3及FeSO4,镀锌钢则为Zn O及Zn SO4。Q235、40Cr腐蚀层表面分布着绒球状的α-FeOOH及片状的γ-FeOOH,镀锌钢大气腐蚀层致密,但T28站点镀锌钢表面形成点状的腐蚀坑,腐蚀防护能力降低。结论同一站点三种钢腐蚀速率大小次序为40CrQ235镀锌钢,站点R1钢的腐蚀速率最大,站点T28的腐蚀速率最小。     

环境质量评价中若干评价方法的比较

探讨了目前用于环境质量评价的若干方法－－模糊综合评判法,灰色聚类法,灰关联分析方法及改进形式,物元分析方法及改进形式的共点与异点,指出要推求一种适合环境质量评价实际的方法尚有大量工作要做。     

普光气田地面集输工程防雷技术研究

结合普光气田地面集输工程防雷工作的开展,就如何解决山区土壤电阻率高和电力系统防雷,如何提高电力、通讯、SCADA和RTU等自控系统的可靠性、稳定性等方面进行了分析、总结,并根据工作实际提出了建议。     

基于GIS的珠三角区域空气质量时空演化分析模型研究

利用广东省环境信息GIS综合发布平台发布的2005—2010年间珠三角区域范围内空气质量日报中空气质量等级数据,采用网格化分析、空间统计分析、专题图分级渲染模型,对珠三角区域的空气质量时空演化特征和影响因素进行研究,结果表明各周期年度珠三角区域网格空气质量频数统计上近似呈正态分布,近5来空气质量空间分布形态由以东莞、佛山为污染中心的哑铃形向以佛山中部为中心并且长轴为西北-东南向的椭圆形演化。     

变断面细长产品成形方法探讨

通过对变断面细长件产品特点的分析和其加工成形方法的比较,确定无模拉伸是最佳的成形方法.无模拉伸是近年来新开发的一种成形工艺,文中作了系统分析和介绍.     

The effect of variability in industrial emissions on ozone formation in Houston, Texas

Ambient observations have indicated that high concentrations of ozone observed in the Houston/Galveston area are associated with plumes of highly reactive hydrocarbons, mixed with NO_x, from industrial facilities. Ambient observations and industrial process data, such as mass flow rates for industrial flares, indicate that the VOCs associated with these industrial emissions can have significant temporal variability. To characterize the effect of this variability in emissions on ozone formation in Houston, data were collected on the temporal variability of industrial emissions or emission surrogates (e.g., mass flow rates to flares). The observed emissions variability was then used to construct regionwide emission inventories with variable industrial emissions, and the impacts of the variability on ozone formation were examined for two types of meteorological conditions, both of which lead to high ozone concentrations in Houston. The air quality simulations indicate that variability in industrial emissions has the potential to cause increases and decreases of 10–52 ppb (13–316%), or more, in ozone concentration. The largest of these differences are restricted to regions of 10–20 km², but the variability also has the potential to increase regionwide maxima in ozone concentrations by up to 12 ppb.     

基于大面积网格法的商场疏散时间预测

为了准确预测商场人员疏散时间,文中结合群集流动规律及离散法建立新的大面积网格算法,将时间离散为微小单元Δt,空间离散为大面积网格,利用人员流动速度—密度公式,计算每一Δt时间内网格中人员流动速度,迭代累计各单元时间得到疏散时间。以某商场人员疏散演练为例进行分析,结果表明,大面积网格算法预测的人员疏散时间与实际疏散演习时间基本吻合,其相对误差为3.4%,预测精确度较高。