Vehicle emissions of primary air pollutants from 2009 to 2019 and projection for the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, China

Over the past decade, the emission standards and fuel standards in Beijing have been upgraded twice, and the vehicle structure has been improved by accelerating the elimination of 2.95 million old vehicles. Through the formulation and implementation of these policies, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in 2019 were 147.9, 25.3, 43.4, and 0.91 kton in Beijing, respectively. The emission factor method was adopted to better understand the emissions characteristics of primary air pollutants from combustion engine vehicles and to improve pollution control. In combination with the air quality improvement goals and the status of social and economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, different vehicle pollution control scenarios were established, and emissions reductions were projected. The results show that the emissions of four air pollutants (CO, VOCs, NO_x, and PM_2.5) from vehicles in Beijing decreased by an average of 68% in 2019, compared to their levels in 2009. The contribution of NO_x emissions from diesel vehicles increased from 35% in 2009 to 56% in 2019, which indicated that clean and energy-saving diesel vehicle fleets should be further improved. Electric vehicle adoption could be an important measure to reduce pollutant emissions. With the further upgrading of vehicle structure and the adoption of electric vehicles, it is expected that the total emissions of the four vehicle pollutants can be reduced by 20%-41% by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period.     

机动车排放检测运行体系的相关研究

机动车污染物排放标准与其检测方法是相辅相成的，不同的机动车检测方法对应不同的机动车排放污染物限值。该文主要对机动车排放检测运行体系中的怠速和简易工况检测方法进行了对比性研究，并对机动车实施常规检测的年检和监督手段的路检进行了对比分析，从而得出：工况法检测对于尾气排放情况的模拟要优于怠速法检测，并可对NOx进行有效控制，所以建议在有条件的地区，应该尽量实施工况法检测：年检和路检的数据有较大的差异，反映出对在用车的监督不力，今后应加强；高排放车辆的贡献率所占的比例与发达国家相比太小，说明机动车总体控制水平较低。     

重庆城区机动车排放污染研究

通过调查研究首先弄清重庆城区主干道机动车排放污染的现状，算出机动车排污负荷在城区道路大气环境中的分担率，利用美国ＥＰＡ推荐的ＭＯＢＩＬＥＳ模型计算城区道路机动车排放的综合排放因子，由此估算重庆城区机动车排放总量并预测２００５、２０１０年的发展趋势。     

Monitoring the levels of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in passenger cars: Utilisation of car air filters as active samplers

Filters in residential and office air conditioning(A/C) systems have been used as sampling devices for monitoring different pollutants.However,cabin air filters(CAFs) in the A/C system of passenger cars have not been utilised for this purpose.In this study,we collected22 used CAFs from passenger cars in Hanoi,Vietnam to analyse for 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) and 10 organophosphate esters(OPEs).All the analytes were detected in more than 50% of samples with the exception of BDE153 and BDE154.The average concentrations of ∑_(10)OPEs and ∑_8 BDEs in the captured dust were 2600 and 40 ng/g,respectively with Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TCIPP) and BDE209 as the dominant congener in OPE and BDE groups,respectively.CAFs are a potential tool to qualitatively assess the levels of semi-volatile chemicals in suspended dust in cars as a screening step for exposure assessment of those chemicals.     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

“空地一体化”环境应急监测与管理系统设计

在总结我国环境应急管理体系建设现状的基础上,提出了"空地一体化"的环境应急监测与管理体系的框架和功能设计,介绍了引入无人机监测系统对环境应急体系的功能改进。最后从无人机机载传感器、"空地一体化"数据分析处理和通讯保障3个维度对关键技术的选择问题进行了探讨,分析了其现状、技术难点与发展趋势,以期为现代化的环境应急体系建设提供有益的参考。     

Efficacy of wipers-on, headlamps-on legislation

Empirical evidence for the benefit of so-called wipers-on, headlamps-on legislation, requiring drivers to use vehicle headlamps when windshield wipers are on, is nonexistent. An evaluation of fatal, multi-vehicle crashes during daytime and nighttime in clear and rainy weather was made, for states in the US that have recently enacted such legislation, and for which crash data are available. Results indicate a statistically reliable reduction in the incidence of fatal, multi-vehicle crashes during daytime in these states relative to nighttime, when headlamp use would not be expected to differ before and after enactment of wipers-on, headlamps-on legislation.     

城市机动车尾气污染控制的综合对策体系研究

在综述城市机动车尾气污染的已有对策基础上，阐述了包括规划层次、管理层次、工程层次和车辆层次在内的综合对策体系，并就国内不同阶段所侧重的对策层次进行了探讨。     

交通事故发生规律与城市道路系统的规划设计研究

笔者分析了城市交通事故发生率与道路等级、道路断面形式、路网密度、交叉口形式、道路车速的关系及交通事故人群的分布规律,认为道路宽而稀、支路缺乏、街道功能不清是我国城市道路网与用地微观布局的基本特点。大量数据分析表明,这种路网体系与我国的城市交通事故率偏高有着密切关系。路网规划是城市路网建设的基本依据,笔者认为,应当将降低城市交通事故率作为路网规划的考虑内容之一,同时指出,应在路网规划中合理选择道路断面形式、交叉口形式,建议适度加密路网、健全支路体系、理清街道功能,并考虑城市道路的车速控制与驾驶心态调整。     

从安全角度设计车险条款的探讨

为了使驾驶者安全驾驶,达到减少交通事故和降低保险公司理赔支出的目的,笔者的研究课题是从安全角度出发,通过条款细分的方法讨论了安全驾驶与保费厘定之间的关系,确立了“以人为本”、“从车原则”的车险条款厘定细分原则。通过分析人的性别、年龄、驾龄、驾驶记录因素、车的安全性能和使用方式等因素对安全驾驶的影响,可以得出以下结论:适当减少安全驾车者的投保费用,增加风险大的驾驶者和投保车辆的投保费用,这样可以做到以防为主,减少交通事故发生,发挥保险对交通危险的调控作用,也有利于整治保险行业的违规行为,实现车险市场的公开、公平、公正的竞争态势。