汽车尾气超标原因分析与防治

通过对烟台市近几年的尾气检测与治理的经验分析,简要论述了汽车尾气超标的原因,并针对不同的超标情况提出相应的解决方案.     

基于安全性目标的车辆维护周期数学模型研究

本研究旨在建立一个相应于不同的给定的行驶安全性的车辆最优维护周期数学模型，同时，利用汽车制动系、转向系等系统或装置的运行故障分布参数，求出了不同安全性水平下该数学模型的解。还依据原始数据，给出了同样基于行驶安全性目标的汽车维护周期允许上限。本研究结果可用于指导汽车维护工作，而且对保证或提高在用车辆的行驶安全性具有重要的作用     

重庆市机动车尾气对大气环境的影响分析及减缓措施

在对重庆市机动车保有量、主城区交通状况进行深入调查的基础上，对机动车尾气排放对大气环境的影响进行了细致的分析与评估。阐述了机动车尾气是造成重庆市大气污染的重要因素。同时结合国内外一些先进的预防、控制和处理汽车尾气污染的方法，及近年来的观察、研究和试验，提出了合理减缓、控制机动车尾气污染的措施，以防止机动车尾气污染进一步蔓延。     

Taking account of the role of safety on vehicle choice using a new generation of discrete choice models

In attitudinal studies safety often appears as an important attribute desired by consumers when buying a new car (Ben-Akiva and Lerman, 1985). However, economic models of vehicle choice usually neglect the role of safety. On the one hand, to capture the qualitative nature of safety and variables related to safety one should consider safety as an underlying construct in a context of latent variable models. The problem is that psychometric models that make use of latent variables do not necessarily provide a complete understanding of agent behavior and may lead to poor predictive power. On the other hand, discrete choice models - although a powerful tool to explain decision making based on utility maximization behavior - fail to include qualitative factors as explanatory variables of the decision process.In this paper, we explore how to model safety through a new generation of discrete choice models which simultaneously consider both a standard discrete choice model and latent causal variables. Using stated preference data concerning purchase intentions of low-emission vehicles in Canada, we test a hybrid choice model to explain consumers’ preferences for safety. Based on the results as well as on the hybrid choice modeling approach, we outline a general framework for the correct modeling of the adoption of safer vehicles and appreciation of safety equipment.     

Improving collection efficiency through remote monitoring of charity assets

Collection costs associated with servicing a major UK charity’s donation banks and collecting unsold goods from their retail shops can account for up to 20% of the overall income gained. Bank and shop collections are commingled and are typically made on fixed days of the week irrespective of the amounts of materials waiting to be collected. Using collection records from a major UK charity, this paper considers what vehicle routing and scheduling benefits could accrue if bank and shop servicing requirements were monitored, the former using remote sensing technology to allow more proactive collection scheduling. A vehicle routing and scheduling algorithm employing tabu search methods was developed, and suggested time and distance savings of up to 30% over the current fixed schedules when a minimum bank and shop fill level of between 50% and 60% was used as a collection trigger. For the case study investigated, this led to a potential revenue gain of 5% for the charity and estimated CO₂ savings of around 0.5 tonnes per week across the fleet of six heterogeneous vehicles.     

机动车排放细颗粒物精细化源谱构建及应用

利用真空瓶现场采样并结合单颗粒气溶胶质谱(SPAMS)技术,对主流品牌汽油车和柴油车排放细颗粒物进行组分分析和源谱构建。结果表明：汽、柴油车尾气源谱特征整体较为相似,相似度均值达到0.88,均以碳和钙为主要特征组分;部分柴油车特征源谱中硫酸盐特征较为明显,碳组分中OC特征突出;汽油车源谱特征中磷酸盐特征相对突出,且碳组分中短链元素碳占比较高。根据建立的源谱进行实际道路观测,结合风速、风向等气象要素分析,2021年2月1日—24日观测点位对应的移动源占比为33.5%,其中汽油车贡献21.0%,柴油车贡献12.5%。     

重污染天气应对工作中机动车污染减排措施研究

伴随着国民经济的高速发展,越来越多的人拥有了私家车,随之而来的天气污染问题也越来越严重。基于此,本文针对重污染天气应对工作中机动车污染减排措施进行研究。通过加强机动车尾气排放管理、发展太阳能汽车和推动公交出行这三个措施,带动广大市民参与到机动车污染减排的工作中。     

Temporal and spatial variations of air pollution across China from 2015 to 2018

This study investigated concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃, and air quality index（AQI） values across 368 cities in mainland China during 2015–2018. The study further examined relationships of air pollution status with local industrial capacities and vehicle possessions. Strong correlations were found between industrial capacities（coal, pig iron, crude steel and rolled steel） and air pollution levels. Although statistical and ...     

Influence of cetane improvers on the air quality in an urban street canyon

The concentration distributions of NO_x, PM, HC and CO in an urban street canyon have been estimated using a two-dimensional air quality numerical model based on the k– turbulent model and the atmospheric convection diffusion equation when various cetane improvers were used in diesel fuels. A wind vortex can be found within the street canyon, and the pollutants emitted from the bottom of the street canyon tend to follow the course of the wind field, moving circularly. The addition of cetane improvers can improve the air quality in a street canyon, all of the pollutants were found to decrease with increasing centane number.     

汽油无铅化的关联问题

在实施汽油无铅化的过程中，一个值得引起重视的问题是，要防止“污染替代”发生，即在消除铅污染的同时，防止另一些对环境和健康构成严重威胁的污染物被引入。该文在调研大量中外文献的基础上，综述了目前研究较多的苯、芳烃、烯烃、甲基叔丁基醚等汽油组成和汽油蒸气压对汽车排放正、负方面的影响，提出了制定汽油燃料环保标准，汽油无铅化和安装催化转化器同步进行等建议。