Multilevel air quality evolution in Shenyang: Impact of elevated point emission reduction

Visibility observed at different altitudes is favorable to understand the causes of air pollution. We conducted 4-years of observations of visibility at 2.8 and 60 m and particulate matter(PM) concentrations from 2015 to 2018 in Shenyang, a provincial city in Northeast China. The results indicated that visibility increased with the increasing height in winter(especially at night), and decreased with height in summer(especially at the daytime). PM concentration exhibited opposite vertical variati...     

腈菌唑不同对映体对丽斑麻蜥性腺系统的影响

腈菌唑(myclobutanil,MT)是一种应用广泛的手性杀菌剂,其手性对映体为(+)-腈菌唑(MT1)和(-)-腈菌唑(MT2)。腈菌唑手性单体具有不同的生物活性,但很少有其对爬行动物的对应选择毒性研究。为了评估腈菌唑手性单体对丽斑麻蜴性腺系统的毒性影响,将MT1(50 mg·kg-1)和MT2(50 mg·kg-1)以经口灌胃方式分别暴露给蜥蜴28 d。暴露期间,记录观察蜥蜴体重、血液中性激素(睾酮T和雌二醇E2)浓度以及性腺相关基因(3β-HSD、17β-HSD、CYP11A、CYP17、CYP19A、ER-α和AR)的表达图谱的变化。在MT1暴露组中,蜥蜴体重在28 d出现明显下降。而在MT2暴露组中,蜥蜴体重没有明显变化。雄性蜥蜴在经过1 d的暴露后,E2浓度在MT1暴露组中明显下降,而在MT2暴露组中明显上升。这些结果表明了腈菌唑手性单体的对映选择性毒性。在MT2暴露14 d后,雌性蜥蜴中CYP19A基因的表达上调弥补了体内E2浓度的降低。在MT1暴露的14 d,蜥蜴卵巢中观察到的CYP11A和CYP17基因表达下调以及CYP19A基因表达不变的这一现象解释了蜥蜴血液中E2和T的浓度减少。这些结果表明:MT1和MT2暴露对蜥蜴体内性激素造成不同的影响,而这些影响会相应改变性腺相关基因的表达。综上所述,MT1和MT2对性腺系统具有潜在的内分泌干扰效应,可能对蜥蜴造成不同程度的生殖损伤。     

二类功能区噪声垂直变化特征监测试验研究

通过在二类标准适用区进行不同高度的噪声监测试验,利用获得的监测数据进行统计分析,找出不同高度噪声Leq小时值的统计特征,从而确定二类功能区噪声垂直变化规律。     

Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir

Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.     

Estimation of atmospheric trace metal emissions in Vilnius City, Lithuania, using vertical concentration gradient and road tunnel measurement data

A new approach for the estimation of trace metal emissions in Vilnius city was implemented, using vertical concentration profiles in the urban boundary layer and road tunnel measurement data. Heavy metal concentrations were examined in fine and coarse particle fractions using a virtual impactor (cut-off size diameter 2.5 μm). Negative vertical concentration gradients were obtained for all metals (Ba, Pb, V, Sb, Zn) and both fractions. It was estimated that the vertical concentration gradient was formed due to emissions from an area of about 12 km². Road tunnel measurements indicated that trace metal concentrations on fine particles were lower than those on coarse particles, which suggested that re-emitted road dust was highly enriched in trace metal due to historic emissions within the tunnel. Emission rates of different pollutants in the road tunnel were calculated using pollutant concentration differences at the tunnel entrance and exit and traffic flow data. Heavy metal emission rates from the area of Vilnius city were estimated using the vertical gradient of heavy metal concentrations and the coefficient of turbulent mixing, as derived from meteorological measurement data. The emission values calculated by the two different methods coincided reasonably well, which indicated that the main source of airborne trace metals in Vilnius city is traffic. The potential of the vertical concentration gradient method for the direct estimation of urban heavy metal emissions was demonstrated.     

一起立式锅炉爆炸事故原因分析及隐患排查

采用现场勘察、光谱分析和金相检验等方法对一起立式锅炉爆炸事故进行原因分析,发现该锅炉制造时存在严重未焊透的设备缺陷和其他使用管理方面的问题。为此制定了超声波检测工艺,对本地区同一制造厂生产的在用锅炉进行隐患排查。对排查发现存在严重制造缺陷的锅炉进行现场维修或召回,对排查发现的使用管理方面的问题也一并跟踪整改。     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

含氧非烃在土壤剖面上迁移行为的土柱淋滤模拟研究

为了揭示土壤剖面中含氧非烃污染物的迁移特征,以及TOC和淋滤水量等因素对迁移作用的影响,选择了部分典型的含氧非烃开展了纵向迁移的土柱淋滤实验,对原土及添加污染物的土柱淋滤实验后样品中含氧非烃的含量及组成进行了对比分析.结果表明,土柱淋滤实验后,土柱表层添加的含氧非烃主要残留在土柱表层0~5 cm范围内,但相比所添加的化合物的量均有不同程度的降低,土柱深部(>10 cm)土壤中含氧非烃含量仍然很低,甚至低于原土中的,在TOC较高的土柱中,这种现象尤为突出.说明土柱淋滤实验过程中,不同剖面含氧非烃均存在向下迁移的现象,且以水溶方式迁移为主.不同含氧非烃单体含量均有随深度增加而降低的趋势,表明其在土壤剖面淋滤过程中均具有一定的迁移性,但不同性质的含氧非烃单体在表层土中残留量及组成差别较大,说明不同化合物迁移能力存在差别,其中,胆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、正构十六烷酸和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯迁移性较强.土壤TOC和淋滤水量对含氧非烃在土壤剖面的迁移作用都有不同程度的影响,淋滤水量相同时,TOC含量越高,土壤中有机质越丰富,越容易富集含氧非烃;TOC相同时,淋滤水量越大,含氧非烃迁移量越大,迁移的深度越大,尤其在TOC含量较低时更明显.     

温度和储存基质对储存后厌氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

温度和储存基质是颗粒污泥储存过程中的重要控制因子.本文选取某IC反应器内典型厌氧颗粒污泥(AGS)为对象,研究了温度和储存基质对储存后AGS理化性质、结构特征和菌群结构的影响.结果显示,常温(20℃)和添加基质可减缓储存过程中AGS粒径下降,维持形状稳定.中温(35℃)利于削减储存液中积累的酪氨酸、色氨酸等芳香性氨基酸,但会增加难降解腐殖酸类物质积累.中温条件适于短期储存(1.5个月)过程中维持颗粒污泥结构稳定,而常温适于长期储存(3个月).不同条件储存后,污泥中的优势菌群在门水平和属水平相似,分别为Chloroflexi、Bacteriodetes、Euryarchaeota、Hyd24-12和Anaerolinea、Bacteroidales、T78、Methanobacterium、Methanosaeta.但功能菌群受温度影响变化显著,常温条件下产甲烷菌群相对丰度下降至2.70%~3.00%,而发酵菌群丰度提高至65.90%~67.40%.中温和基质对污泥菌群结构影响较小.综合而言,常温利于维持AGS理化性能和结构稳定,中温利于维持菌群活性和结构稳定,基质添加利于增强AGS的综合性能,但效果不显著.     

不同出口结构旋流板分离器内流场的数值模拟

基于Fluent软件,采用雷诺应力（RSM）湍流模型对不同出口结构分离器内气相旋流流场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明：分离器出口角度Ф变化对流场的影响显著,出口直径H变化对流场的影响甚微;有出口装置分离器内的切向速度均有所增加,最大切向速度向轴心方向移动。