2009年广州能见度变化规律及主要影响因素分析

通过对2009年的广州大气能见度和影响因素的数据资料统计,结合定性分析、相关性计算及各时间尺度中物理量的相互作用过程研究,得出能见度的变化规律和各因素的相关性特征。结果表明,2009年整体能见度水平略有提高;24h的降雨量、气温差值较大时,该日的能见度小时均值波动较大;风速、相对湿度与中尺度(24h)能见度的相关性较强;降雨量、气温对小尺度(1h、5min)能见度影响显著;相对湿度水平能制约风速对能见度的改善作用。灰霾现象等与能见度水平密切相关。     

Differences in geometry of pedestrian crashes in daylight and darkness

Introduction

Previous studies have shown that increased risk in darkness is particularly great for pedestrian crashes, suggesting that attempts to improve headlighting should focus on factors that likely influence those crashes. The current analysis was designed to provide information about how details of pedestrian crashes may differ between daylight and darkness. Method: All pedestrian crashes that occurred in daylight or dark conditions in Michigan during 2004 were analyzed in terms of the variables included in the State of Michigan crash database. Additional analysis of the narratives and diagrams in police accident reports was performed for a subset of 400 of those crashes—200 sampled from daylight and 200 sampled from darkness. Results: Several differences were found that appear to be related to the characteristic asymmetry of low-beam headlamps, which (in the United States) distributes more light on the passenger's side than the driver's side of the vehicle. These results provide preliminary quantification of the how the photometric differences between the right and left sides of typical headlamps may affect pedestrian crash risk.

Impact on Industry

The results suggest that efforts to provide supplemental forward vehicle lighting in turns may have safety benefits for pedestrians.     

影响北仑区域能见度的因素研究

利用对北仑区域内的气溶胶散射系数、气溶胶浓度、黑炭浓度以及NO2浓度的监测和分析,对区域影响能见度的的因素进行了研究,研究结果表明,影响能见度的消光系数主要由气溶胶的散射、气溶胶的吸收,干洁大气的散射和气态污染物的吸收四项组成,且组成比例总体稳定,但是,不同空气质量级别和灰霾天与非灰霾天之间的消光系数值及组成差异较大;通过对气溶胶与光散射系数的拟合得到,两者存在较好的正相关性。     

Body-pillar vision obstructions and lane-change crashes

INTRODUCTION: This exploratory study investigated the relationship between vision obstructions from body pillars and lane-change crashes. METHODS: The vision obstructions were quantified by measuring, from the driver's perspective, the horizontal angular sizes and locations of the driver-side A-, B-, and C-pillars. The sample consisted of 21 vehicle models, including 13 passenger cars, 6 SUVs, 1 minivan, and 1 pickup truck. To control for driver differences, going-straight crashes were used for comparison, with the dependent variable being the ratio of lane-change crashes to going-straight crashes. The analysis used North Carolina crash data. RESULTS: The results of a multiple regression indicate that the relative frequency of lane-change crashes tended to increase with both wider A-pillars and with A-pillars located farther away from straight ahead. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The finding supports the hypothesis that visibility obstructions due to A-pillars have safety implications.     

Effects of relative humidity and PM2.5 chemical compositions on visibility impairment in Chengdu, China

To better understand the potential causes of visibility impairment in autumn and winter in Chengdu, relative humidity(RH), visibility, the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and its chemical components were on-line measured continuously in Chengdu from Nov. 2016 to Jan. 2017.Six obvious haze episodes occurred in Chengdu, with the total time of haze episodes accounted for more than 90% of the total observation period, and higher NO_2 concentrations and RH were related to the high particle concentrations in haze episodes. The visibility decreased in a non-linear tendency under different RH conditions with the increase of PM_(2.5) concentrations, which was more sensitive to RH under lower PM_(2.5) concentrations. The threshold concentration of PM_(2.5) got more smaller with the increase of RH. During the entire observation period, organic matter(OM) was the largest contributor(31.12% to extinction coefficient(bext)), followed by NH_4NO_3 and(NH_4)_2SO_4 with 28.03% and 23.01%, respectively.However, with the visibility impairment from Type I(visibility 10 km) to Type IV(visibility ≤ 2 km), the contribution of OM to bextdecreased from 38.12% to 26.77%, while the contribution of NH_4NO_3 and(NH_4)_2SO_4 to bextincreased from 19.09% and 20.20% to 34.29% and 24.35%, respectively, and NH_4NO_3 became the largest contributor to bextat Type IV. The results showed that OM and NH_4NO_3 were the key components of PM_(2.5) for visibility impairment in Chengdu, indicating that the control of precursors emissions of carbonaceous species and NH_4NO_3 could effectively improve the visibility in Chengdu.     

Optimal strategies for adaptive curve lighting

PROBLEM: Conventional low beams headlamps do not provide sufficient illumination for nighttime visibility on curves. METHOD: This analytical study evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of several curve-lighting strategies that involve moving one or both low beams by various amounts. Two curve radii were examined for both curve directions, using representative tungsten-halogen and high-intensity discharge low-beam patterns. The dependent variable was the maximum distance of 3-lux illumination (combined from both lamps) at a plane 0.25 m above the roadway for seven lateral positions. RESULTS: For short-radius, left and right curves, moving both lamps in parallel should substantially increase the visibility of objects in one's lane of travel, in several additional lanes of travel to the left and right, and off the road. DISCUSSION: Because of the lateral trade-offs of advantages and disadvantages for large-radius curves, additional research is needed to better understand the desirable approach for these types of curves. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Moving both lamps in parallel into the curve is recommended for small-radius curves.     

重庆市区雾害与能见度的变化分析

本文通过对重庆市区盛近50年雾频率变化和能见度变坏的观测事实.揭示了重庆市区由于城市规模的扩大,工业的发展和交通运输的急剧增长,使市区的大气能见度和天气品位出现了逐渐变坏的趋势.     

细水雾抑制隧道甲醇火灾的全尺寸实验研究

针对难以迅速扑灭的隧道甲醇火灾场景,在截面积9.14 m~2,长38 m的全尺寸隧道内开展了一系列实验,研究了不同通风条件下多喷头细水雾系统对隧道甲醇火灾的抑制作用。通过分析火源周围温度分布、火源下风向隧道温度分布及隧道能见度等参数,综合评估了通风条件下细水雾系统抑制隧道火灾的效果。结果表明:纵向通风降低隧道温度的同时易引起人眼高度处温度升高;细水雾能迅速控制火灾发展并有效降低隧道温度,但细水雾雾滴的扩散与沉降易造成隧道能见度的下降。在本文条件下,风速为4.98 m/s的纵向通风和10 MPa压力下的6喷头细水雾系统共同作用能够有效降低火源周围温度和隧道温度,并显著提高隧道能见度。     

Bidirectional visibility

The percentage of the cross-sectional area of two objects (e.g., vehicles, hikers, or animals) that can be seen from each of their locations in a forested area is generally not the same. There is a directionality to the visibility between them. This is due to the relative positions and sizes of the vegetation and other view-blocking features between the objects. An analytical technique has been developed to help understand bidirectional visibility. Its use entails the construction of a visibility diagram containing the basic visibility information between observers in a given setting. An example is presented showing the use of the visibility diagram to determine visibility between two moving observers in a forested environment. The diagram is also used to determine the differences in the percentage each observer has of the other's visible cross-sectional area (bidirectional visibility). A discussion of the application of the technique in the planning or development of new facilities, as well as in forest and wildlife management, is provided.     

灰霾期间气溶胶的污染特征

从颗粒物的时空分布和浓度水平方面综述了灰霾期间气溶胶的污染特征,介绍了灰霾期间气溶胶中金属元素、水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的浓度特征,以及颗粒物与能见度的相关性研究进展。指出:灰霾天气多发生在冬季,且气溶胶中PM2.5占的比重大;气溶胶污染与地理环境、气候条件、经济发展水平等有密切关系;水溶性离子多集中在PM2.5中;能见度的下降与气溶胶特别是细颗粒物有很大关系。提出目前灰霾研究中主要存在3大问题:一是对灰霾期间气溶胶中含有的有机物类别及其对不同季节发生灰霾的贡献率仍需进一步研究;二是灰霾期间气溶胶中有机物的形成机理尚不明确;三是不同源排放的气溶胶对灰霾形成的贡献率有待探讨。建议系统地开展大气细颗粒物有害成分的鉴定、源排放颗粒物的物理化学特性、扩散过程中各种物质间的反应和转化等方面的研究,为大气污染防治法规的制定提供依据。