机动车排放检测运行体系的相关研究

机动车污染物排放标准与其检测方法是相辅相成的，不同的机动车检测方法对应不同的机动车排放污染物限值。该文主要对机动车排放检测运行体系中的怠速和简易工况检测方法进行了对比性研究，并对机动车实施常规检测的年检和监督手段的路检进行了对比分析，从而得出：工况法检测对于尾气排放情况的模拟要优于怠速法检测，并可对NOx进行有效控制，所以建议在有条件的地区，应该尽量实施工况法检测：年检和路检的数据有较大的差异，反映出对在用车的监督不力，今后应加强；高排放车辆的贡献率所占的比例与发达国家相比太小，说明机动车总体控制水平较低。     

阴离子洗涤剂在慢速渗滤系统中的去除研究

慢速渗滤系统的土壤－植物系统对ＭＡＢＳ有较强的净化功能；土壤－牧草系统和土壤－小麦系统对ＭＡＢＳ的去除率与停留时间呈高度正相关；城市污水中ＭＡＢＳ含量低于５．３７８ｍｌ／ｌ时，两个系统对ＭＡＢＳ的去除率可维持在９５％的平均水平上。     

风浪流影响下的船舶废气排放测度模型研究

船舶速度是船舶废气排放量计算的重要影响因子。为更加准确地测度船舶废气排放量,考虑海洋环境场对船舶速度的影响,分析了风、浪、流影响下的船舶运动,利用获取的实时风、浪、流信息对船舶AIS提供的航速进行修正,在此基础上建立了风、浪、流影响下的船舶废气排放测度模型,并介绍了船舶引擎功率的估算方法,以及排放因子和负荷因子的确定。最后,选取某散货船和客滚船的两个航次,分别采用传统模型和风、浪、流影响下的船舶废气排放计算模型进行计算,以CO2排放量反推油耗,并计算其与实际油耗的误差,结果表明,与传统模型计算结果相比,基于风、浪、流影响下的船舶废气排放测度模型得到的误差均有所减小,分别减小16.90%、18.60%、21.59%、21.94%,验证了模型的有效性。     

Driver speed selection on high-speed two-lane highways: Comparing speed profiles between uniform and differential speed limits

Objective: Although a considerable amount of prior research has investigated the impacts of speed limits on traffic safety and operations, much of this research, and nearly all of the research related to differential speed limits, has been specific to limited access freeways. The unique safety and operational issues on highways without access control create difficulty relating the conclusions from prior freeway-related speed limit research to 2-lane highways, particularly research on differential limits due to passing limitations and subsequent queuing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess differences in driver speed selection with respect to the posted speed limit on rural 2-lane highways, with a particular emphasis on the differences between uniform and differential speed limits.

Methods: Data were collected from nearly 59,000 vehicles across 320 sites in Montana and 4 neighboring states. Differences in mean speeds, 85th percentile speeds, and the standard deviation in speeds for free-flowing vehicles were examined across these sites using ordinary least squares regression models.

Results: Ultimately, the results of the analysis show that the mean speed, 85th percentile speed, and variability in travel speeds for free-flowing vehicles on 2-lane highways are generally lower at locations with uniform 65 mph speed limits, compared to locations with differential limits of 70 mph for cars and 60 mph for trucks.

Conclusions: In addition to posted speed limits, several site characteristics were shown to influence speed selection including shoulder widths, frequency of horizontal curves, percentage of the segment that included no passing zones, and hourly volumes. Differences in vehicle speed characteristics were also observed between states, indicating that speed selection may also be influenced by local factors, such as driver population or enforcement.     

多因素下小尺度油罐火火焰倾角的研究

以柴油为研究对象,搭建了小尺度油罐火实验台,采用理论分析与实验研究相结合的方法,开展了有风条件下不同液位深度和罐顶开口宽度的小尺度油罐火火焰倾角的实验研究。结果表明,火焰倾角随风速的增加先迅速增加,然后趋于平稳。在相同的罐顶开口宽度和风速条件下,火焰倾角随着液位深度的增加呈现出减小的趋势。这是因为火焰微元在油罐开口处的速度随着液位深度的增加而增加,风速对火焰倾角的影响显著减小。当风速和液位深度一定时,质量损失速率随罐顶开口宽度的增大而增大,火焰倾角随着罐顶开口宽度的增大逐渐减小。     

Gender response and safe carrying load limit for sugar industry workers

This study investigates the safe carrying load limit in relation to gender of workers in the sugar industry. A total of 632 workers (male and female) were interviewed following a physiological and psycho-physiological methodology. All of these workers were in the age groups of 21–30, 31–40 and ≥41 years. In this study, for the physiological methodology, both field and laboratory data were collected, which included heart rate, heart rate variability, energy expenditure and maximum rate of oxygen consumption. Information regarding hemoglobin content, weight, age, lean body weight, etc., was recorded to know the physical health of the workers. In the psycho-physiological evaluation, load-carrying limits were determined by the psychophysical rating of the load by workers from the selected age groups. By considering the physiological stresses and psycho-physiological evaluation, the safe carrying load limit was determined in head and back mode for male and female workers as per their age groups.     

尾气余热制氢柴油机的燃烧特性分析

设计了一种利用发动机尾气余热制取氢气的装置,该装置可以利用发动机余热,将乙醇水溶液催化反应为富含氢气的重整气。该重整气通入发动机供其燃烧使用,可以有效的提高发动机的燃烧效率。主要考虑该重整气对柴油燃烧的影响,依据美国加州劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室反应机理,通过Chemkin软件计算该装置生成的重整气加入发动机以后对发动机燃烧特性的影响,分析了不同重整气掺混比例下的火焰传播速度,研究了柴油燃烧和柴油混合重整气燃烧的区别,总结了重整气在改善发动机燃烧方面所发挥的作用。     

Estimation of daily PM2.5 concentration and its relationship with meteorological conditions in Beijing

When investigating the impact of air pollution on health, particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter(PM_(2.5)) is considered more harmful than particulates of other sizes. Therefore, studies of PM_(2.5) have attracted more attention. Beijing, the capital of China,is notorious for its serious air pollution problem, an issue which has been of great concern to the residents, government, and related institutes for decades. However, in China,significantly less time has been devoted to observing PM_(2.5) than for PM_(10). Especially before 2013, the density of the PM_(2.5) ground observation network was relatively low, and the distribution of observation stations was uneven. One solution is to estimate PM_(2.5) concentrations from the existing data on PM_(10). In the present study, by analyzing the relationship between the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), and the meteorological conditions for each season in Beijing from 2008 to 2014, a U-shaped relationship was found between the daily maximum wind speed and the daily PM concentration, including both PM_(2.5) and PM_(10). That is, the relationship between wind speed and PM concentration is not a simple positive or negative correlation in these wind directions; their relationship has a complex effect, with higher PM at low and high wind than for moderate winds.Additionally, in contrast to previous studies, we found that the PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) ratio is proportional to the mean relative humidity(MRH). According to this relationship, for each season we established a multiple nonlinear regression(MNLR) model to estimate the PM_(2.5) concentrations of the missing periods.     

Reducing the risk of rear-end collisions with infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integration of variable speed limit control and adaptive cruise control system

Objective: Adaptive cruise control (ACC) has been investigated recently to explore ways to increase traffic capacity, stabilize traffic flow, and improve traffic safety. However, researchers seldom have studied the integration of ACC and roadside control methods such as the variable speed limit (VSL) to improve safety. The primary objective of this study was to develop an infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integrated system that incorporated both ACC and VSL to reduce rear-end collision risks on freeways.

Methods: The intelligent driver model was firstly modified to simulate ACC behavior and then the VSL strategy used in this article was introduced. Next, the I2V system was proposed to integrate the 2 advanced techniques, ACC and VSL. Four scenarios of no control, VSL only, ACC only, and the I2V system were tested in simulation experiments. Time exposed time to collision (TET) and time integrated time to collision (TIT), 2 surrogate safety measures derived from time to collision (TTC), were used to evaluate safety issues associated with rear-end collisions. The total travel times of each scenario were also compared.

Results: The simulation results indicated that both the VSL-only and ACC-only methods had a positive impact on reducing the TET and TIT values (reduced by 53.0 and 58.6% and 59.0 and 65.3%, respectively). The I2V system combined the advantages of both ACC and VSL to achieve the most safety benefits (reduced by 71.5 and 77.3%, respectively). Sensitivity analysis of the TTC threshold also showed that the I2V system obtained the largest safety benefits with all of the TTC threshold values. The impact of different market penetration rates of ACC vehicles in I2V system indicated that safety benefits increase with an increase in ACC proportions.

Conclusions: Compared to VSL-only and ACC-only scenarios, this integrated I2V system is more effective in reducing rear-end collision risks. The findings of this study provide useful information for traffic agencies to implement novel techniques to improve safety on freeways.     

水动力条件对全程自养脱氮工艺启动研究

CANON工艺需要部分短程硝化提供亚硝酸盐,所以CANON工艺存在溶解氧难控制的问题,特别是在反应器较小的情况。本文采用设有挡板的改良SBR,通过机械搅拌形成剧烈水流搅动,精确控制溶解氧,研究了不同搅拌速率对CANON工艺启动的影响。结果表明,机械曝气能成功启动了CANON工艺,且获得平均总氮去除率达79.40%,剪切应力的提高有利于脱氮性能的提升,机械曝气启动方式相比于鼓风曝气更加容易控制。