强风环境非平稳风速模型及应用

提出了强风环境非平稳风速分析模型。该模型将风速记录分解为时变平均风和零均值平稳脉动风分量两部分,给出了经验模型法确定时变平均风的步骤并重新定义了风特性参数的计算公式。分别采用非平稳和平稳风速模型进行了1 851小时实测强风资料的风特性参数计算并做了对比分析。结果显示非平稳模型计算得到的紊流强度和积分尺度较平稳模型小,而平均风速及相干函数的衰减系数则相当接近,非平稳模型较平稳模型更适合描述强风特性。     

Risk factors for motorcycle loss-of-control crashes

Objective: The present article identifies and assesses the effect of critical factors on the risk of motorcycle loss-of-control (LOC) crashes.

Method: Data come from a French project on road crashes, which include all fatal road crashes and a random sample of 1/20th of nonfatal crashes in France in 2011, based on police reports. A case–control study was carried out on a sample of 903 crashes for 444 LOC motorcycle riders (case) and 470 non-LOC and nonresponsible motorcycle riders (control). The sample was weighted due to the randomization of nonfatal crashes. Missing values were imputed using multiple imputation.

Results: Road alignment and surface conditions, human factors, and motorcycle type played important roles in motorcycle LOC crashes. Riding in a curve was associated with a 3-fold greater risk of losing control of motorcycle than riding in a straight line. Poor road adhesion significantly increased the risk of losing control; the risk increased more than 20-fold when deteriorated road adhesion was encountered unexpectedly, due to loose gravel, ice, oil, bumps, road marking, metal plates, etc. For motorcyclists, riding with a positive blood alcohol concentration (over or equal to the legal limit of 0.5 g/L) was very dangerous, often resulting in losing control. The risk of LOC crash varied for different types of motorcycle: Riders of roadsters and sports bikes were more likely to have an LOC crash greater than that of riders of basic or touring motorcycles. In addition, LOC risk increased with speed; a model using the square of the traveling speed showed better fit than one using speed itself.

Conclusion: The LOC crash factors related to riders, vehicles, and road infrastructure identified here were expected but were rarely identified and taken simultaneously into account in previous studies. They could be targeted by countermeasures to improve motorcyclist safety.     

深部开采钻孔校验中钻进速度对钻杆转速影响的试验研究

通过对钻孔过程中的钻头破煤机理及影响钻杆转速变化的因素进行理论分析,提出了钻进速度与钻杆转速的对应变化关系,并利用钻进装置、加载装置及自主研制的钻孔多参量测试装置进行试验分析,验证了利用钻杆转速法测定煤体应力大小的可行性,同时对不同钻进速度下钻杆转速的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:在钻头、钻杆、煤岩体参数及钻孔前钻杆空转转速一定时,钻杆转速与钻进速度大致呈现负指数的函数关系,钻进速度越小,钻杆转速越大,反之,钻杆转速越小。研究钻进速度对钻杆转速的影响,可以减少利用转速指标对冲击地压等动力灾害的预测误差,实现高效预警。     

水环境承载力约束下区域城镇化发展合理速度分析

城镇化发展在促进区域社会经济快速发展的同时也导致水环境问题日益严峻。基于区域水环境承载力探讨了城镇化发展合理速度的计量方法:①构建城镇化进程中水环境承载力评价系统,分析城镇化子系统及水环境承载力子系统的基本要素,建立评价指标体系;基于评价指标,利用向量模法测算水环境承载力综合评价值。②构建水环境承载力约束下的区域城镇化发展合理速度分析模型。③根据不同城镇化发展速度、政府不同管制力度设置9种组合情境,在对相关评价指标进行预测的基础上,分别测算不同情境下的水环境承载力综合评价值;通过“阈值”门槛筛选出合理情境,确定区域城镇化发展速度的合理范围。以经济实力强、城镇化水平高、水环境压力大、制度相对健全的江苏省作为研究区域进行实证分析,测算了2006—2017年江苏省水环境承载力综合评价值,以及2030年9种组合情境下的江苏省水环境承载力综合评价值。获得如下研究结论:①2006—2017年间江苏省水环境承载力虽呈现一定的波动,但2013年以后随着政府管制力度的加强,总体上呈现良好的上升态势,但水环境承载力下滑的压力已开始显现。②2030年9种组合情境中,只有“中/强”“低/强”“低/保持”满足水环境承载力阈值标准。结果表明:到2030年,政府对水环境管制力度“强”的情形下,江苏省城镇化发展可以维持1.0%~1.2%的年增长率;政府对水环境管制力度“保持”的情形下,江苏省城镇化发展只能维持1.0%的年增长率,并据此提出了政策建议。     

辽宁省干线公路网络通达性研究

以辽宁省干线公路网络和14个地市、21个主要县市为研究对象,以最短距离原则为基础,选取距离、时间和通达性系数来衡量城市通达性水平的高低;以行车速度为指标,得到不同速度下通达性水平的空间格局;在100km/h的行车速度下,计算一个城市在1h、2h、3h、5h内连接的城市数目,并对通达性水平的特点和空间格局进行分析。结果显示,35个城市的通达性水平呈现出＂同心圈＂结构,＂核心—外围＂模式明显。以沈阳和鞍山为核心,由核心向外围通达性水平逐步降低,且随着行车速度的提高,通达性水平呈现出明显的上升趋势。由于通达水平的提高,在未来的几年里辽宁省将逐渐形成5个交通圈,同时实现＂一个工作日,全省通达＂的目标。     

湿法脱硫石膏脱水系统设备配置及优化

石膏脱水系统作为FGD的重要辅助系统,对于吸收塔运行指标、荣液条件、物料平衡、经济运行、副产物综合利用都有重要作用。介绍了湿法脱硫石膏一、二级脱水系统的流程和设备特点,着重分析研究了系统中一级脱水设备、皮带机冲洗系统、滤液水系统、废水旋流设备等的配置、选型和优化方案。     

W火焰炉低氮燃烧改造可行性研究

对黔北电厂1～4号W火焰锅炉实际运行状态进行分析,得出NO。排放浓度偏高的主要原因,并提出1—4号机组W火焰炉低氮改造的方案,即在拱下燃烧室内组织大回流长火焰燃烧方式,并通过SOFA风形成炉内深度空气分级低氮燃烧。同时针对1、2号炉和3、4号炉各自特性提出具体的改造方案,保证在锅炉效率不降低的条件下,1～4号W火焰锅炉的NOx排放浓度不高于850mg／m3,从而为W火焰锅炉低氮燃烧改造提供可行性方案,保证W火焰锅炉下一步烟气脱硝的顺利进行。     

Atmosphic pollutants study of particles ionic species during high wind speed (>7 m s-1) near Taiwan strait in central Taiwan from 2004 to 2005

This study monitored atmospheric pollutants during high wind speed (> 7 m s⁻¹) at two sampling sites: Taichung Harbor (TH) and Wuci traffic (WT) during March 2004 to January 2005 in central Taiwan. The correlation coefficient (R ²) between TSP, PM_2.5, PM_2.5−10 particle concentration vs. wind speed at the TH and WT sampling site during high wind speed (< 7 m s⁻¹) were also displayed in this study. In addition, the correlation coefficients between TSP, PM_2.5 and PM_2.5−10 of ionic species vs. high wind speed were also observed. The results indicated that the correlation coefficient order was TSP > PM_2.5−10 > PM_2.5 for particle at both sampling sites near Taiwan strait. In addition, the concentration of Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NH₄ ⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ were also analyzed in this study.     

Why Should We Calculate Complex Indices of Ozone Exposure? Results from Mediterranean Background Sites

While moving towards a flux-based approach, exposure-based ozone metrics are still a practical measure for summarising ambient air quality. Ozone hourly concentrations for the period 2000–2004 from sites in the Mediterranean Italy (≤600 m a.s.l.) were examined to define the O₃ summary statistic in the area, and to determine how O₃ exposure indices correlate to each other. Thirty-four of the most common O₃ exposure metrics were calculated. The results show that background O₃ pollution in Italy exceeds the European and North American standards. The exceedances of the target value, information and alert thresholds set by the 2002/3/CE Directive should encourage Italy to take the appropriate measures to reduce the risk. All the O₃ exposure indices, except the maximum permissible ozone concentration (MPOC) for forests, point to the potential for negative effects on vegetation and human health across Italy. As indices evaluated significantly correlated with each other, we suggest use of the most biologically meaningful metric when summarizing air quality information.     

结晶紫-聚乙烯醇体系分光光度法测定水中溶解氧

在碘量法测定水中溶解氧的基础上,利用I3-与结晶紫在聚乙烯醇存在下结合成电中性的离子缔合物,以碘酸钾为标准溶液,与过量碘化钾反应生成碘,加入结晶紫后在550 nm处有最大吸收的原理测定水中溶解氧,优化了试验条件,考察了共存离子的干扰。方法在0.002 7 mg/L~0.55 mg/L范围内符合比尔定律,检出限为0.001 1 mg/L,蒸馏水平行测定的RSD≤0.2%,加标回收率为100%~101%,实际水样测定与碘量法和溶解氧测定仪结果一致。