2004年夏季太湖梅梁湾席状漂浮水华风力漂移入湾量计算

太湖北部重度水华暴发时,在夏季盛行风推动下,漂浮的席状水华可由大太湖漂移进入位于太湖北部的梅梁湾,使湾内的水华加剧.本文通过室内风箱水槽实验和野外观测,对水华的风力漂移作了定量研究,建立了风速与水华漂移速度的指数相关方程.并据此对2004年夏季太湖北部发生席状水华的6d分别计算了水华风力漂移入湾量.6d中,只有2004-07-31水华漂移是由湾内向大太湖输出,且量很小,只有0.05 km²;其余5d水华漂移进入梅梁湾的面积占整个梅梁湾面积的3.7%～13.3%,进入量最大的是2004-06-11,达17.4km²,最少的是2004-07-30,为4.8 km².     

跨高速铁路桥梁基础防护桩设计与施工

武咸城际铁路在咸宁市上跨武广高速铁路,安全风险极大。论述了跨高速铁路桥梁基础承台防护桩的设计和施工,分析了防护桩设计的影响因素,确定了计算桩长。此外,从单桩承载力、桩基内力及基地应力三方面计算进行了安全性验证,确保了桥梁承台施工安全,对类似工程的基础安全防护有较好的借鉴作用。     

Effect of scale on freely propagating flames in aluminum dust clouds

The majority of experimental tests done on combustible dusts are performed in constant volume vessels that have limited or no optical access. Over the years, McGill University has been developing alternative experimental techniques based on direct observation of dust flames, yielding reliable fundamental parameters such as flame burning velocity, temperature and structure. The present work describes two new experimental set-ups allowing direct observation of isobaric and freely propagating dust flames at two sufficiently different scales to test the influence of scale on dust flame phenomena. In the laboratory-scale experiments, a few grams of aluminum powder are dispersed in transparent, 30 cm diameter latex balloons that allow for full visualization of the spherical flame propagation. In the field experiments, about 1 kg of aluminum powder is dispersed by a short pulse of air, forming a conical dust cloud with a total volume of about 5 m³. High-speed digital imaging is used to record the particle dispersal and flame propagation in both configurations. In the small-scale laboratory tests, the measured flame speed is found to be about 2.0 ± 0.2 m/s in fuel-rich aluminium clouds. The burning velocity, calculated by dividing the measured flame speed by the expansion factor deduced from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, correlates well with the previously measured burning velocity of about 22–24 cm/s from Bunsen dust flames. Flame speeds observed in field experiments with large-scale clouds, however, are found to be much higher, in the range of 12 ± 2 m/s. Estimations are presented that show that the presumably greater role of radiative heat transfer in larger-scale aluminium flames is insufficient to explain the six-fold increase in flame speed. The role of residual large-eddy turbulence, as well as the frozen-turbulence effect leading to large-scale dust concentration fluctuations that cause flame folding, are discussed as two possible sources for the greater flame speed.     

Quantification of turbulence in cryogenic liquid using high speed flow visualization

A high speed flow visualization experiment was conducted to characterize the boiling induced turbulence when a cryogenic liquid is released on water. The advective transport of turbulent structures traversing through the liquid was captured and reconstructed using image processing software to obtain information on velocity components. The numerical results obtained from image processing were used to determine turbulence parameters like turbulent intensity, turbulent kinetic energy and eddy dissipation rate. An interesting aspect of the study was the formation of wavy structures called ‘thermals’ which were characteristic of turbulent convection. The thermals were found to act as a catalyst in increasing heat transfer and turbulence between water and cryogenic pool. The turbulent intensity was influenced by the turbulent velocity and had direct effects on the vaporization flux. Among the turbulence parameters, increase in turbulent kinetic energy resulted in faster vaporization of cryogenic liquid through enhanced mixing, whereas variations in the eddy dissipation rate had weak dependence on vaporization. Additionally, the initial height of cryogenic liquid was also found to strongly affect the vaporization mass flux.     

滤速与水质对低温含铁锰氨地下水中氨去除的影响

在某除铁锰氨氮地下水水厂,以中试滤柱开展了低温(6～8℃)生物除铁锰硝化耦合CANON[Fe(Ⅱ) 2.91～6.35 mg·L~(-1)、 Mn(Ⅱ) 0.47～0.98 mg·L~(-1)和NH~+_4-N 1.15～2.26 mg·L~(-1)]工艺运行实验,探究滤速与水质对氨氮去除的影响.结果表明,停运1个月的成熟低温铁锰氨生物滤柱以2 m·h~(-1)的滤速经过40 d的培养,成功启动了低温生物除铁锰硝化耦合CANON工艺.在此工艺中当保持进水浓度不变,提升滤速会降低滤柱对氨氮的网捕效率,增加滤层深处的氨氮浓度,提高滤层深处AnAOB对氨氮离子的网捕效率,进而导致水中经CANON作用去除的氨氮增加,而硝化作用去除的氨氮降低;当保持滤速不变,提升进水氨氮浓度会使更高浓度的氨氮进入滤层,增加了氨氮和亚氮共存区域中氨氮的浓度,提高了滤层中AnAOB对氨氮离子的网捕效率,进而导致CANON作用去除的氨氮增加.     

转轮吸附法处理有机废气的研究

吸附转轮是一项应用于低浓度、高风量有机废气净化的处理技术,为优化转轮吸附关键工艺参数转速和吸附效率,以模拟甲苯废气为处理对象,采用蜂窝状改性13X分子筛(M-13X)为吸附剂,对比分析固定床和转轮两种吸附实验.结果表明,固定床实验信息可用于转轮吸附系统;依据吸附过程的热质平衡理论,综合废气特性(流速、温度、密度、污染物种类和浓度等)、吸附剂特性(热熔、吸附热、饱和吸附量等)及吸附床结构(床层厚度和密度、吸附区比例等)参数,推导了吸附转轮最佳转速(n opt)及周期去除效率(ηcycle)的数值计算,经与M-13X吸附转轮净化甲苯废气实验数据作比较,验证了所推导数值计算的可靠性.研究结果可为转轮吸附处理有机废气工程的设计和运行控制提供依据.     

基于DRYESM模型的红枫水库水体热分层特征及关键控制因素模拟研究

水温结构是湖库生态系统演化的重要基础,热分层稳定性对深水湖库水体物理、化学和生物演化具有重要影响,因此研究水体热分层特征及关键控制因素具有重要意义。本文运用DYRESM水动力模型模拟了红枫水库2014年全年的水温变化特征,并对影响水体热分层结构的关键控制因素进行了探究。结果表明:1) DYRESM水动力学模型可有效模拟红枫水库的水体热分层特征及时间演化规律,可准确预测水体热分层形成和消亡的时间及去分层强度。2)气温变化对水库水体热分层具有明显影响,增温可加速水体热分层的形成,造成温跃层下潜和去分层延迟;短波辐射的增强(40%)不会对红枫湖水温结构造成明显影响,但可导致去分层发生时间后延;风速是水体热分层稳定性的敏感因素,当风速增加40%后,热分层演化发生较大变化,表现在6～9月份中层及底层水温大幅升高(从9℃上升到14℃),去分层时间提前30天,相应造成分层期缩短。     

深圳冬季边界层大气中污染物垂直分布特征

为更好地掌握深圳城区近地边界层大气污染物的性质、来源及大气理化过程,2017年冬季利用深圳市356 m石岩梯度观测塔进行大气主要污染物的垂直观测,获得包括4个高度(60 m/70 m、110 m/120 m、210 m/220 m和325 m/335 m)的污染物浓度垂直分布廓线.分析了不同高度浓度的垂直廓线、相关性和日变化特征,并探讨了风向风速对其的影响.结果表明,SO_2浓度随高度升高先降低再升高,在高空存在明显的区域输送特征;NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度随高度升高而下降,70 m高度近地大气中NO_x和PM_(2.5)受局地源影响显著,白天存在由近地大气向上混合扩散的过程,而PM_(10)中的粗粒子部分在整个气层中显现出一个比较稳定的本底值;O_3浓度随高度升高而升高,主要由于夜间高空O_3缺乏NO的滴定反应而具有一个较高的背景值.     

铁路交通安全培训“六要素”探讨

结合铁路交通安全的严峻形势,对铁路交通安全培训的＂5W1H＂六要素进行了初步的分析。＂5W1H＂包括原因（WHY）、内容（WHAT）、地点（WHERE）、时间（WHEN）、人员（WHO）、方法（HOW）这六个方面,本文对铁路交通安全培训的政策背景（即原因）、内容、地点、时间、人员和实施方法进行分析,回答这六个方面的问题,寻求合理可行的解决措施,并以此形成有效的铁路交通安全培训模式。     

旅客列车智能定点停车的研究

根据我国目前旅客列车不能实现自动精确定点停车的现状,提出了旅客列车通过到发线上的三级感应减速装置自动控制机车制动风压,依次减速来实现在预定地点停车.通过列车有效制动距离计算模型,验证了列车通过Ⅰ级调速感应装置采用最大常用制动后滑行距离不超过1000 nm.