不同方式预处理污泥对微生物燃料电池的影响

为了探究不同预处理方式污泥对MFC（microbial fuel cell,微生物燃料电池）的影响,采用双室MFC反应器构型,以不同预处理方式的污泥作为MFC的底物基质,包括热处理污泥、废碱渣预处理污泥、未处理污泥,并设置静态试验组污泥（开路试验）,考察MFC的产电性能（电压、电功率密度）、pH、COD_Cr、总悬浮物（TSS）、挥发性悬浮物（VSS）、EPS（胞外聚合物）以及三维荧光等参数的变化规律.结果表明:①在所设外电阻条件下（1 000 Ω）,MFC的最大启动电压可达0.3 V;②废碱渣预处理污泥的最大功率密度可达70.1 mW/m2,热处理污泥的最大功率密度可达60.1 mW/m2,预处理后污泥的性能优于未处理污泥;③热处理污泥、废碱渣预处理污泥、未处理污泥以及静态试验组污泥的pH总体呈下降的趋势,废碱渣预处理污泥及热处理污泥总悬浮物和挥发性悬浮物的去除率均高于未处理污泥,且COD_Cr有类似的变化规律.在此基础上,进一步分析污泥EPS的组成成分以及三维荧光光谱图的特性发现,污泥EPS中蛋白质质量浓度最高,并且腐殖酸能够在一定程度上辅助胞外电子基团的转移,三维荧光光谱图也证实了不同预处理方式污泥随厌氧消化过程的变化规律.研究显示,将废碱渣预处理的污泥作为MFC的底物,不仅降低了资源能耗而且提高了MFC的产电性能,实现了综合绿色发展.      

Size distribution and chemical characteristics of particles from crop residue open burning in North China

Crop residue open burning is an important emission source of ambient particles in China. This study analyzed the particle emission characteristics of crop residue open burning through combustion experiments with a novel open combustion simulation device using three typical crop straws in north China (corn, wheat, and rice). Particle samples size ranging from 0.006–9.890 µm were collected by an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor plus, a high size-resolution instrument capable of dividing particles into 14 size stages. The size distributions of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, and elements were analyzed, and source chemical profiles were constructed for PM_0.1, PM₁, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀. The number concentration of particles was concentrated in the Aiken nuclei mode (0.006–0.054 µm), accounting for 75% of the total number, whereas the mass concentration was concentrated in the accumulation mode (0.054–0.949 µm), accounting for 85.43% of the mass loading. OC, EC, Cl^?, and K(include total K and water-soluble K) were the major chemical components of the particles, whose mass percentage distributions differed from those of other components. These five main components exhibited a bell-shaped size distribution in the 0.006–9.890 µm range, whereas the other components exhibited a U-shaped distribution. Among the chemical profiles for PM_0.1–PM₁₀, OC was the most important component at 10–30%, followed by EC at 2%–8%. The proportions of K⁺, Cl^?, and K varied substantially in different experimental groups, ranging from 0–15%, and K⁺ and Cl^? were significantly correlated (r = 0.878, α = 0.000).     

Variation on leaching behavior of caustic compounds in bauxite residue during dealkalization process

Bauxite residue, a byproduct of alumina manufacture, is a serious environmental pollutant due to its high leaching contents of metals and caustic compounds. Four typical anions of CO₃^2?, HCO₃^?, Al(OH)₄^? and OH^? (represented caustic compounds) and metal ions (As, B, Mo and V) were selected to assess their leaching behavior under dealkalization process with different conditions including liquid/solid ratio (L/S ratio), temperature and leaching time. The results revealed that washing process could remove the soluble composition in bauxite residue effectively. The leaching concentrations of typical anions in bauxite residue decreased as follows: c(CO₃^2?) > c(HCO₃^?) > c[Al(OH)₄^?] > c(OH^?). L/S ratio had a more significant effect on leaching behavior of OH^?, whilst the leaching concentration of Al(OH)₄^? varied larger underleaching temperature and time treatment. Under the optimal leaching, the total alkaline, soluble Na concentrations, exchangeable Ca concentrations were 79.52, 68.93, and 136.0 mmol/L, respectively, whilst the soluble and exchangeable content of As, B, Mo and V in bauxite residue changed slightly. However, it should be noted that water leaching has released metal ions such as As, B, Mo and V in bauxite residue to the surrounding environment. The semiquantitative analysis of XRD revealed that water leaching increased the content of gismondine from 2.4% to 6.4%. The SEM images demonstrated the dissolution of caustic compounds on bauxite residue surface. The correlation analysis indicated that CO₃^2? and HCO₃^? could effectively reflect the alkalinity of bauxite residue, and may be regarded as critical dealkalization indicators to evaluate alkalinity removal in bauxite residue.     

上海与东京生活垃圾处理回收体系之比较

进入21世纪，上海提出建设循环经济型国际大都市的战略目标，其中很重要的一个领域就是要构筑高效、实用的生活垃圾处理回收体系。文章分析了上海与东京现行的生活垃圾处理回收体系的特点，并对二者进行了比较。发现上海体系存在着垃圾处理方式的简单化，垃圾分类收集形式化，废品回收无序化，对策视点局限性和管理系统封闭性等诸多缺陷。通过借鉴东京体系的成功经验，建议实施法律和经济的手段。不断改进和完善上海体系。     

磺酰脲类农药特性及国内外监测技术研究现状

随着磺酰脲类除草剂使用范围的扩大和农民为提高除草效果而擅自增加用量,其在农作物、环境中的残留及其对人类健康和环境造成的毒害越来越为人们所关注。本文主要介绍磺酰脲类农药的特性,以及目前国内外对该类农药监测技术领域的一些研究成果。该类农药的监测技术主要有高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、气相和气质联用法、高效薄层析技术、酶联免疫生物测定法和放射性同位素示踪法等方法,这些检测方法为实际环境监测中选择最合适的分析方法监测磺酰脲类农药提供参考。     

有机磷类农药残留分析检测技术研究进展

用样品前处理、样品分析检测两个方法,阐述近几年常用的有机磷类农药残留分析检测技术原理及优缺点,并提出未来样品前处理技术及有机磷类农药检测技术的发展趋势。     

美国危险废物的管理与处理处置

以危险废物的全过程管理为主线 ,阐述了美国现阶段危险废物管理的特点 ;通过介绍美国危险废物管理的重要法典《RCRA》,对美国危险废物管理体系进行全面分析 ;重点分析了对我国建立危险废物管理体系有借鉴意义的豁免制度、贮备金制度     

溴虫腈在甘蓝及土壤中的残留检测及降解动态

建立了用高效液相色谱法检测甘蓝和土壤中溴虫腈残留的分析方法.土壤和甘蓝样品经丙酮/水混合液(体积比为8∶2)提取,用装有无水硫酸钠和中性氧化铝的层析柱净化,用C18柱作为分析柱,甲醇与水混合液(体积比为80∶20)作为流动相,在260nm的检测波长下,用高效液相色谱法定量测定甘蓝和土壤中残留的溴虫腈.在溴虫腈添加质量比为0·1~1·0mg·kg-1范围内,甘蓝和土壤样品的平均回收率为90·6%~93·3%,变异系数为1·9%~11·6%,在上述条件下,甘蓝和土壤中的最低检出限为0·0162mg·kg-1.应用上述方法,测定了10%溴虫腈纳米功能化制剂和10%溴虫腈悬浮剂在甘蓝和土壤中的降解动态.结果表明,10%溴虫腈纳米功能化制剂和10%悬浮剂在甘蓝中的降解动态方程分别为C=4·0431e-0·3103t(R2=0·9528)和C=6·9611e-0·2686t(R2=0·9272),半衰期分别为t0·5=2·2d和2·6d;在土壤中的降解动态方程分别为C=0·2538e-0·1612t(R2=0·9281)和C=0·537e-0·1754t(R2=0·9845),半衰期分别为t0·5=4·3d和3·9d.按推荐剂量的加倍量施药,在甘蓝中的最终残留低于美国国家环保署规定之蔬菜最大允许残留量(1mg·kg-1).10%溴虫腈纳米功能化制剂在甘蓝和土壤中的降解都比10%溴虫腈悬浮剂快,且作物的最终残留量也比较少,所以,溴虫腈纳米功能化制剂能较好地减少其在作物和土壤中的残留.     

嘧草醚在水稻中的残留消解动态及膳食风险评估

为了评价嘧草醚在水稻生长过程中使用的安全性,于2018—2019年分别在佳木斯、济宁、南昌、宁波4地进行了为期2年的田间试验,研究了嘧草醚在田水、土壤、稻株中的消解动态及稻米、稻壳、稻杆中的最终残留.结果表明：嘧草醚在田水、土壤及稻株中的消解规律均符合一级动力学模型,在4地田水中的消解半衰期（t_1/2）为1.07~3.48 d,土壤中的消解半衰期（t_1/2）为3.14~5.42 d,稻株中的消解半衰期（t_1/2）为4.47~8.08 d.通过对消解半衰期与土壤性质和气候条件的线性回归分析可得,嘧草醚在不同基质中的消解速率均与土壤有机质含量和平均气温呈显著相关.施用1.5倍或2倍推荐使用剂量的嘧草醚后（90或120 g·hm^-2）,收获的稻米籽实中检测出嘧草醚的残留量均未超过日本和韩国规定的最大残留限量（MRL）值（0.05 mg·kg^-1）.通过计算得出每人每天从稻米中所摄入的嘧草醚为0.0037 mg,其风险商值（RQ）为0.0028,处于安全水平.     

新型干法水泥生产线废气污染物治理技术研究

介绍了生产能力2000t·d-1的新型干法水泥生产线生产过程产生废气(主要是粉尘)的情况,针对废气排放特点,采用包含末端治理在内的综合治理措施进行治理。治理工程运行稳定,处理效果达到《水泥厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB4915-1996)Ⅲ时段二级标准和无组织排放二级标准的要求。