加强水资源的系统管理

我国是一个水资源十分短缺的国家，加强水资源管理刻不容缓。为此，本文结合我国水资源管理的实际状况，从思想、组织、方法、手段等方面分别论述了加强水资源系统管理的必要性和可能性。     

Analysis of Lower Green Bay and Fox River,Collingwood Harbour,Spanish Harbour,and the Metro Toronto and Region remedial action plan (RAP) processes

This article presents a model of remedial action planning, which includes four key variables that determine progress in plan development and implementation and explain the differing level of achievement in individual sites. The model is illustrated by the characteristics and developments of four remedial action plan (RAP) processes (Lower Green Bay and Fox River, Collingwood Harbour, Spanish Harbour, and the Metro Toronto and Region RAPs). Differences in the local context of the plans have, to a significant degree, predisposed individual planning and implementation experiences. Local context includes three variables, namely geographical—technical and sociopolitical aspects and the previous history of water pollution management in the area. RAP precursors are a necessary precondition for progress in planning and substantive achievements. While there is a tendency that most geographically focused RAPs in administratively simple areas accomplish most, the motivation and political clout of RAP participants are strongly intervening factors. Resource input from upper levels of government, in particular financial commitment for plan implementation, is the fourth necessary ingredient for progress due to the RAPs' weak regulatory and institutional framework. Unfortunately, upper levels of government have shown widespread reluctance to lead in remedial action planning. This was only in part offset by local commitment and support for RAP and its cause.     

OPTIMIZATION MODELING OF A NEW FACILITY FOR THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER PROJECT1

ABSTRACT: A non-linear optimization model is applied to the California State Water Project (SWP) and portions of the Central Valley Project (CVP). The model accounts for the major hydrologic, regulatory, and operational features of both projects. The model maximizes long-term SWP yields over a 70-year period, using a quarterly time step. The potential for increased yield associated with a proposed facility improvement is evaluated with the model. The proposed facility is an extension of the Folsom-South Canal, which would allow water to be conveyed from the American River below Folsom Reservoir into New Melones Reservoir on the Stanislaus River or into the California Aqueduct. Model results indicate that extension of the Folsom-South Canal has the potential to increase SWP yields by 13 percent.     

A multi-objective optimisation approach to water management

The management of river basins is complex especially when decisions about environmental flows are considered in addition to those concerning urban and agricultural water demand. The solution to these complex decision problems requires the use of mathematical techniques that are formulated to take into account conflicting objectives. Many optimization models exist for water management systems but there is a knowledge gap in linking bio-economic objectives with the optimum use of all water resources under conflicting demands. The efficient operation and management of a network of nodes comprising storages, canals, river reaches and irrigation districts under environmental flow constraints is challenging. Minimization of risks associated with agricultural production requires accounting for uncertainty involved with climate, environmental policy and markets. Markets and economic criteria determine what crops farmers would like to grow with subsequent effect on water resources and the environment. Due to conflicts between multiple goal requirements and the competing water demands of different sectors, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework was developed to analyze production targets under physical, biological, economic and environmental constraints. This approach is described by analyzing the conflicts that may arise between profitability, variable costs of production and pumping of groundwater for a hypothetical irrigation area.     

福州市中水回用的途径和可行性分析——以洋里污水处理厂达标出水回用为例

以福州市洋里污水处理厂达标出水回用为例,阐明福州市中水回用对环境和社会发展的必要性和前景意义,从技术、经济、政策等方面深入分析了福州城市污水处理厂达标出水是稳定、安全、充足的中水水源,回用于农田灌溉、市政杂用、冲洗车辆和冲厕等多种途径是切实可行性的。     

学习率有限监督调整BP网络在水质评价中的应用

以地表水环境质量标准基本项目标准限值为依据,随机生成标准样本和检测样本,采用学习率有限监督调整BP网络建立水质评价模型。完成网络训练的模型对检测样本进行检验评价,检验结果表明,该人工神经网络水质评价模型具有较高的精度,同时,可以避免人为主观因素对水质评价的影响,保证了水质鉴定的科学性和公正性。     

光度法测定水中己二胺

本文报道了在碱性介质中,沸水浴条件下,己二胺与２,４二硝基氯苯反应生成黄色的１,６二（２,４二硝基苯胺）己烷化合物,用氯仿萃取后于波长４２０ｎｍ处,用２０ｍｍ比色皿比色测定。文中对碱的用量,反应温度及时间,显色剂用量及萃取效率等进行了较详细研究,确定了最佳实验条件并进行了废水样品分析,结果满意。     

填充柱(FID)-顶空气相色谱法测定水和废水中丙烯腈

本文用顶空气相色谱法测定水和废水中丙烯腈,具有简便、快速、灵敏、准确,干扰少,适用性强等优点,适用于不同类型的环境水样分析。     

北京市土地利用分布与水质响应空间关系研究

以北京市16个水质监测断面和饮用水源地作为研究对象,利用2009—2010年16个水质监测自动站监测数据与2009年北京市土地利用数据,分析不同缓冲区内土地利用与过境水质之间的响应关系。研究结果表明,耕地产生的农业非点源污染对水质影响明显;在大尺度区域增加林地面积比例有利于改善水质;离水源近的农村居民用地对水质产生负面影响;工业建设用地对水质影响在较大尺度上更为显著。     

水中丙烯酰胺气相色谱测定方法研究

研究建立了大口径毛细管柱气相色谱法测定水中丙烯酰胺的方法。优化了水中丙烯酰胺的衍生化条件,用乙酸乙酯和正己烷混合溶剂萃取衍生产物,萃取后直接进行色谱分离分析,水中丙烯酰胺的最低检测浓度为0.05μg/L,回收率在94.5%～113%之间;进行6次平行精密度试验,相对标准偏差低于11.5%。研究建立的气相色谱法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,定量、定性准确可靠,适合水中丙烯酰胺的分析测定。