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161.
H. Roger. Hamilton 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(4):761-766
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a concept for identification and ranking of outdoor recreation habitats using principles of ecology as a guide. The Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) is a commonly used technique for assessment of human impacts on the vigor of wildlife species, and serves as the model for the Recreation Habitat Analysis Method (RHAM). Recreation activities are dependent on habitat attributes for their success just as are wildlife species. A sample model is described for recreation activities at large, multipurpose lakes. RHAM could be applied to recreation experiences in a variety of settings including smaller water bodies and riparian and terrestrial ecosystems. 相似文献
162.
This study explores conflict in recreational use of the Black Forest Nature Park (BFNP) by six different nature sports groups as a function of infrastructure, forest management and other users. A multi-step, methodological triangulation conflict model from US recreation management was applied and tested in the Park. Results from two groups, hikers and mountain bikers, are analysed in depth. The main conflict potentials were due to infrastructure and value conflicts. These were influenced by various visitor characteristics such as resource attachment, experiences, activity-style, expectations and motives. Results of quantitative data analysis were further interpreted by interviews with agency and group leaders. This methodological combination reveals a robust understanding of recreation conflict and management in the BFNP. 相似文献
163.
Recreation is a leading cause of species decline on public lands, yet sometimes it can be used as a tool for conservation. Engagement in recreational activities, such as hiking and biking, in endangered species habitats may even enhance public support for conservation efforts. We used the case of the endangered Ohlone tiger beetle (Cicindela ohlone) to investigate the effect of biking and hiking on the beetle's behavior and the role of recreationists’ knowledge of and attitudes toward Ohlone tiger beetle in conservation of the species. In Inclusion Area A on the University of California Santa Cruz (U.S.A.) campus, adult Ohlone tiger beetles mate and forage in areas with bare ground, particularly on recreational trails; however, recreation disrupts these activities. We tested the effect of recreation on Ohlone tiger beetles by observing beetle behavior on trails as people walked and road bikes at slow and fast speed and on trails with no recreation. We also surveyed recreationists to investigate how their knowledge of the beetle affected their attitudes toward conservation of the beetle and stated compliance with regulations aimed at beetle conservation. Fast cycling caused the beetles to fly off the trail more often and to fly farther than slow cycling or hiking. Slow cycling and hiking did not differ in their effect on the number of times and distance the beetles flew off the trail. Recreationists’ knowledge of the beetle led to increased stated compliance with regulations, and this stated compliance is likely to have tangible conservation outcomes for the beetle. Our results suggest management and education can mitigate the negative effect of recreation and promote conservation of endangered species. Efectos del Conocimiento de una Especie en Peligro sobre las Actitudes y Comportamientos Declarados de los Recreacionistas y el Significado del Manejo de la Conformidad para la Conservación del Escarabajo Tigre de Ohlone 相似文献
164.
Indirect assessment of economic damages from the Prestige oil spill: consequences for liability and risk prevention 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The social losses arising from the Prestige oil spill exceed the compensation granted under the IOPC (International Oil Pollution Compensation) system, with losses estimated at 15 times more than the applicable limit of compensations. This is far above the level of costs for which those responsible for hydrocarbons spills are liable. The highest market losses correspond to sectors of extraction, elaboration and commercialisation of seafood. However, damages to non-commercial natural resources could constitute an outstanding group of losses for which further primary data are needed: these losses would only be compensable under the current system by means of a refund for cleaning and restoration costs. Results show that, in Europe, the responsibility for oil spills in maritime transport is limited and unclear. The consequence of this is net social losses from recurrent oil spills and internationally accepted incentives for risky strategies in the marine transport of hydrocarbons. 相似文献
165.
Assessing current and future ozone-induced yield reductions for rice and winter wheat in Chongqing and the Yangtze River Delta of China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dose-response functions from China were employed to assess ozone (O3)-induced relative yield loss (RYL) for rice and winter wheat in Chongqing and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in 1990-2020, based on monitored and simulated O3 exposures. It shows that RYL for rice in Chongqing from 1990 to 1995 was 1.1-5.8% and would reach 10.8% in 2020, while for winter wheat it was estimated to be 0.2-9.8% in 1990 and would reach around 12.0% in 2020. In the YRD, RYL for rice was 2.5-6.6% from 1990 to 1999 and would reach 9.2% in 2020, while for winter wheat, RYL was estimated to be 7.1-8.4% based on simulated O3 dosages, while based on monitored O3 dosages, it had surpassed 8.4% and reached about 12.0% in 1999. 相似文献
166.
Zhang Z Zhan X Yan L Li M Hu J Wei F 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):79-84
Background, aim, and scope Foraging patches can be described as a nested hierarchy of aggregated resources, implying that study of foraging by wild animals
should be directed across different spatial scales. However, almost all previous research on habitat selection by the giant
panda has concentrated upon one scale. In this research, we carried out a field study to understand foraging patch selection
by giant pandas in winter at both microhabitat and feeding site scales and, for the first time, attempted to understand how
long it would stay at the feeding sites before moving on.
Materials and methods The field survey was conducted from November 2002 to March 2003 at Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve (102°48′–103°00′ E, 30°19′–30°47′
N), Baoxing County of Sichuan Province, China, to collect data in both microhabitat and control plots. The microhabitat plots
were located by fresh feces or foraging traces left by giant pandas, and the control plots were established to reflect the
environment. Within each microhabitat plot, one 1 × 1 m2 plot was centralized at the center of each feeding site, in which numbers of old bamboos and old shoots, including eaten
and uneaten, were counted, respectively.
Results The results showed that winter microhabitats selected by this species were characteristic of gentle slopes and high old-shoot
proportions and that the latter was even higher at feeding sites. Two selection processes, namely, from the environment to
microhabitats and from the latter to feeding sites, were found during this species’ foraging patch utilization. Giant pandas
preferred to eat old shoots to old bamboo at feeding sites in winter and did not leave unless old-shoot density fell to lower
than the average in the environment.
Discussion Both microhabitats and feeding sites selected by giant pandas were characteristic of high old-shoot density, indicating that
the preferred food item had a significant influence upon its foraging patch selection. The preference for gentle slopes by
giant pandas was presumed to save energy in movement or reflect the need to sit and free its fore-limbs to grasp bamboo culms
when feeding but also seemed to be correlated with an easier access to old shoots. The utilization of old shoots at feeding
sites was assumed to help maximize energy or nutrient intake during their foraging.
Conclusions The difference between microhabitat plots and control plots and between microhabitats and feeding sites uncovered a continuous
selection process from the environment via microhabitats to feeding sites. The utilization of old shoots at feeding sites
was parallel to the marginal value theorem. The selection and abandonment of foraging patches by giant pandas was an optimal
behavioral strategy adapted to their peculiar food with high cellulose and low protein.
Recommendations and perspectives Our results uncovered the importance of multiple scales in habitat selection research. To further understand the process of
habitat selection, future research should pay more attention to resolve the question of how to locate foraging patches under
dense bamboo forests by the giant panda, which was traditionally considered to have poor eyesight, although our research has
answered what type of habitats the giant panda prefers and when to leave. 相似文献
167.
Dana Marie Bauer Stephen K. Swallow Robert J. Johnston 《Journal of Land Use Science》2017,12(5):351-374
Most land-use surveys of exurban residents focus on eliciting preferences for residential development and open space conservation. This article, in contrast, reports on a stated preference study of exurban residents that assesses the relative attractiveness of a variety of commercial and recreational land uses. Focus group participants and town planners proclaimed a demand for certain commercial services such as modern grocery stores and fine-dining restaurants, but survey respondents generally exhibit a strong preference for no additional development beyond the current rate of development. Results show that if additional development is to occur, then recreational services are generally preferred over more traditional commercial development. Combining two commercial services in a single development project are strongly preferred to stand-alone developments. Our approach illustrates how planners may uncover misconceptions about and priorities for land conversion through examining residents’ preferences. 相似文献
168.
Management of Large Wood in Streams: An Overview and Proposed Framework for Hazard Evaluation 下载免费PDF全文
Ellen Wohl Brian P. Bledsoe Kurt D. Fausch Natalie Kramer Kevin R. Bestgen Michael N. Gooseff 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(2):315-335
Instream and floodplain wood can provide many benefits to river ecosystems, but can also create hazards for inhabitants, infrastructure, property, and recreational users in the river corridor. We propose a decision process for managing large wood, and particularly for assessing the relative benefits and hazards associated with individual wood pieces and with accumulations of wood. This process can be applied at varying levels of effort, from a relatively cursory visual assessment to more detailed numerical modeling. Decisions to retain, remove, or modify wood in a channel or on a floodplain are highly dependent on the specific context: the same piece of wood that might require removal in a highly urbanized setting may provide sufficient benefits to justify retention in a natural area or lower‐risk urban setting. The proposed decision process outlined here can be used by individuals with diverse technical backgrounds and in a range of urban to natural river reaches so that opportunities for wood retention or enhancement are increased. 相似文献
169.
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature World Parks Congress in 2014 reported that the quality of management of protected areas is crucial in halting the loss of the world’s biodiversity and meeting global environmental challenges. However, increasingly high-impact activities, including motorized recreation are occurring in protected areas such as national parks, creating an ongoing clash of values and further compromising protected area management. This paper discusses the values of protected areas in the context of increasingly high-impact motorized usage, the impact of divergent values placed on green spaces such as national parks, and perceptions about these spaces. Given the changing global context of this millennium, and increasing populations requiring space for high-impact activities including motorized recreation, rethinking recreation in protected areas is needed. A protected area classification to accommodate high-impact activities away from vulnerable natural areas may assist in maintaining protected area quality. 相似文献
170.
武汉市耕地景观游憩功能与可达性的空间匹配格局 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
揭示耕地景观游憩功能的供给能力与其可达性的空间匹配格局,可以为耕地景观游憩功能的合理布局、开发与利用提供依据。以武汉市为例,采用指标评价法和专家打分法,结合GIS空间分析,建立了耕地景观游憩功能的空间格局研究框架,对耕地景观游憩功能的供应潜力、可达性、及两者空间匹配等方面开展了研究。结果表明:(1)武汉市耕地景观游憩功能供应潜力的空间分布呈现从中心城区边缘向外逐渐降低的格局;(2)武汉市耕地景观游憩功能可达性呈现"中西部高,边缘低"的分布格局;(3)根据耕地景观游憩功能的供应潜力与可达性的空间匹配关系,将武汉市耕地景观游憩服务分为四类:高供应-高可达,高供应-低可达,低供应-高可达,低供应-低可达;这四类面积分别占研究区域的26.17%、25.24%、17.33%、31.26%。对耕地景观游憩功能的合理开发与利用、促进耕地利用的多功能化具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献