红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O排放通量的研究

CH4和N2O是与全球气候变化密切相关的2种主要温室气体,其排放规律以及减排措施已成为当前研究的热点。休闲期抛荒稻田普遍存在于我国西南和南方地区,而对于其CH4和N2O排放规律的研究还比较少。本实验选取江西红壤丘陵区进行观测,于稻田休闲期采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行原位观测,旨在探讨休闲期CH4和N2O的排放规律,可为制定减排措施提供一定的依据。研究结果表明:红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O平均排放通量(以CH4和N2O-N计)分别为0.03mg.m-2.h-1和3.27μg.m-2.h-1。冬闲期CH4和N2O平均排放通量与土温、降雨量无明显线性关系(P>0.05)。冬闲稻田排放CH4和N2O的综合温室效应(以CO2-eq计)为7.58 g.m-2,其中,CH4和N2O产生的温室效应(以CO2-eq计)分别为2.33和5.25 g.m-2。N2O排放量是冬闲稻田温室气体观测中不可忽视的部分。     

北京冬季奥运会历史同期大气PM2.5污染特征分析

基于2015~2021年的1~3月北京市大气PM_2.5浓度与化学组成长期观测数据,分析了2022年北京冬季奥林匹克运动会（冬奥会）和北京冬季残疾人奥林匹克运动会（冬季残奥会）历史同期的PM_2.5污染态势、化学组成特征以及潜在源区.2015~2018年的1~3月重污染［日均ρ（PM_2.5）>75 μg·m^-3］天数以及重污染期间PM_2.5平均值下降十分显著,之后这两者未发生明显改变.2018~2021年的1~3月每年平均发生重污染23 d,重污染天ρ（PM_2.5）平均值约为120.0 μg·m^-3.2015~2021年的1~3月超长重污染过程（连续重污染超过5 d）平均每年发生2~3次,其中2021年发生3次,且持续时间最长达到8 d.历年冬奥会历史同期发生重污染的天数为2~9 d,春节期间烟花爆竹大量燃放可能是该时期重污染发生的重要原因之一;冬季残奥会历史同期重污染天数一般为1~5 d,但2021年受频繁出现的静稳天气影响,重污染天数高达9 d.在同时段重污染期间,PM_2.5化学组成均以二次组分为主,例如在PM_2.5可测组分中,2020年NO₃^-质量分数高达46%,较同年清洁天（11%）显著增加;SO₄^2-质量分数为12%~19%,说明当前硫酸盐污染仍不容忽视.北京市1~3月PM_2.5主要贡献区域包括内蒙古自治区中西部、河北省、天津市、山西省、陕西省、山东省中西部和河南省北部.研究结果将为北京市冬季空气质量持续改善以及2022年冬奥会与冬季残奥会期间北京市环境空气质量保障提供科学依据.     

冬季低温条件下浮床植物对富营养化水体的净化效果

在冬季低温条件下,采用浮床无土栽培技术,研究了水芹菜、多花黑麦草以及大蒜3种耐寒植物对富营养化水体的净化效果。试验结果表明,3种植物在水温4.0～10．1℃的条件下均生长良好,对水体中TN、NH4^＋-N、TP、CODMn污染物的去除率分别为59.3％～29.2％、65、2％～39.3％、55.6％～33.9％,55．7％～49．5％．对藻类的抑制率为88．4%～92．3％。通过比较,水芹菜净化能力最强,多花黑麦草次之,大蒜最弱。本项研究丰富了冬季低温条件下治理富营养化水体的方法．也为冬季浮床植物的选择提供了依据。     

游憩导向下国土空间生态修复的理论与模式

游憩导向下国土空间生态修复是将受损生态空间保护与休闲空间融合的重要手段,是构建山水林田湖草命运共同体与提高人类福祉的重要内容。基于国内外研究现状,界定了游憩导向下国土空间生态修复的概念,提出其应遵循生态系统服务理论、人地关系地域系统理论、区位理论、景观基因理论、大地艺术理论五大理论逻辑。基于实践案例归纳了游憩导向下生态修复模式类型、特征与问题,并提出实践模式的五大优化路径,包括明确功能适宜、效益最优的修复导向,建立多级空间尺度联动的传导机制,提升游憩导向下生态修复地的地方嵌入性,加强修复效果的动态监测评估,构建可持续的建设与运营管理模式,以期为游憩导向下国土空间生态修复和保护提供理论和实践参考。     

THE PLIGHT OF THE URBAN RESERVOIR: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: This paper details the increasing tendency to overdevelop lands adjacent to public reservoirs. The impact on water quality of the pollutant load carried in surface runoff from developed lands is described as well as the depreciation in recreational experience due to loss of scenic horizons. The case study, Spruce Run Reservoir in Clinton, New Jersey, included population and demand projections. Land speculation and proposed development are evaluated on a physical constraint basis. Areas of conflict are outlined and conflict resolutions proposed.     

Diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids in simple and complex landscapes

Structurally complex landscapes may enhance local species richness and interactions, which is possibly due to a higher species pool in complex landscapes. This hypothesis was tested using cereal aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) by comparing 12 winter wheat fields in structurally complex landscapes (>50% semi-natural habitats; n = 6) and structurally simple landscapes dominated by agricultural lands (>80% arable land; n = 6). Surprisingly, landscape structural complexity had no effect on aphid parasitoid species diversity. In complex landscapes 12 and in simple landscapes 11 species were found; 9 species occurred in both landscape types. Hence, arable fields in high-intensity agricultural landscapes with little non-crop area can support a similar diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids as structurally complex landscapes. This finding suggests that cereal aphid parasitoids may find necessary resources even in simple landscapes, making generalisations concerning the relationship between landscape composition and biodiversity in arable fields difficult.     

Estimating preferences for outdoor recreation:: a comparison of continuous and count data demand system frameworks

Continuous and count data demand system models have emerged as attractive alternatives to the discrete choice random utility maximization models (RUMs) that currently dominate the seasonal, multi-site recreation demand literature. This paper compares the frameworks conceptually and investigates their empirical performance with a common data set. Although the two modeling approaches employ substantially different behavioral and econometric assumptions, results from a recreation application based on the 1997 Iowa Wetlands Survey suggest that qualitatively similar policy inferences arise from the competing structures.     

Absence of status signalling by structurally based ultraviolet plumage in wintering blue tits (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyanistes caeruleus</Emphasis>)

Structurally based ultraviolet (UV)-reflective plumage parts can be important cues in mate choice. However, it remains largely unknown if UV plumage variation can also function as a signal of social status during competitive interactions. In blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), the UV-reflective crown plumage functions as a female mate choice cue that probably indicates male quality, as males with higher UV reflectance have been shown to have better chances of over-winter survival. Possibly, the UV crown plumage acts as a status signal in the competition over scarce food sources during winter. To test this idea, we related dominance of individuals at an artificial food source during adverse winter conditions to spectrophotometric measurements of their crown plumage. However, while controlling for the confounding effects of sex, age, and distance from territory, we found no significant effect of crown UV reflectance on dominance. Consistent with this result, we also found no relation between crown UV reflectance and over-winter survival. We conclude that the structurally based UV reflectance of the blue tit crown feathers plays little role in competition between individuals during winter despite its importance as a cue in mate choice.     

Fattening strategies in dominance-structured greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) flocks in winter

Relationships between social status and levels of body reserves stored by members of greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) flocks in winter were investigated. In addition, the adjustment of reserves by birds of different rank to experimental changes in food predictability and to changed weather conditions were examined. Birds with low social status carried overall larger body reserves than high-ranked birds. The results of the experiments suggest that this was mainly because subordinates, due to their low priority to food access, perceived future foraging success as less predictable than dominants. In response to severe weather, which probably increased the risk of starvation for birds, dominants temporarily increased their reserves more than subordinates. This response also indicated that birds with low social status carried larger reserves than high-ranked birds, and demonstrated that dominants could increase food intake when there was a risk of energetic shortfall. The results suggest that fattening strategies in greenfinches depend on social status. In winter, subordinates may be forced to carry larger reserves than dominants to safeguard against social constraints in access to food during critical times. As body reserves may be costly to carry and acquire, this should reduce the probability of surviving the winter for subordinates compared to dominants. Received: 2 March 1995/Accepted after revision: 13 April 1996     

The consequences of backcountry surface disposal of human waste in an alpine, temperate forest and arid environment

Surface disposal of human waste by the smear method, a suggested but heretofore unexamined technique, was tested in three environments and examined for reductions in fecal mass and fecal indicator bacteria. Substantial reduction in fecal mass was observed after six and fourteen weeks of exposure in all environments, but extensive reduction in fecal indicator bacteria was observed in only the arid and alpine environments. Although surface smears appear favorable to cathole techniques in terms of indicator bacteria reduction, the application of this method is limited by several other factors common to backcountry sanitation situations. It is therefore likely that surface disposal would only be applicable in very remote, low use, alpine and arid settings where lack of soil development precludes the use of catholes and carry-out techniques are otherwise impractical.