淡水藻类对辛基酚的吸附行为研究

选取辛基酚(4-OP)作为目标物,研究了水中2种常见淡水藻(小球藻和鱼腥藻)对辛基酚的吸附.结果表明,2种藻对辛基酚的吸附量都很大,且吸附迅速.小球藻在混合后的5 min内即吸附了4-OP初始浓度(2 mg/L)的20%,鱼腥藻在混合后的5 min内即吸附了4-OP初始浓度(2 mg/L)的46%.吸附在1 h即达到平衡.模型拟合结果表明,辛基酚在藻表面的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式.水溶液pH值的变化对吸附的影响很大,降低pH值有利于2种藻对辛基酚的吸附,pH值对小球藻吸附辛基酚的影响比对鱼腥藻大.用荧光光谱法研究了藻与辛基酚的相互作用,结果表明,藻的加入可使辛基酚荧光强度降低,随着藻浓度的升高,藻/辛基酚体系荧光强度不变,荧光光谱向红端移动,根据此结果推测藻/有机污染物体系能更好地利用太阳光中的近紫外光线,从而促进有机污染物光降解.     

Morphology of single inhalable particle inside public transit biodiesel fueled bus

In an urban-transit bus,fueled by biodiesel in Toledo,Ohio,single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM/EDS).Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm.The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters:square,pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,agglomerate,sphere,triangle,oblong,strip,line or stick,and unknown,by quantitative order.The square particles were common in the samples.Round and triangle particles are more,and pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,strip,line or sticks are less.Agglomerate particles were found in abundance.The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment.The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth,semi-smooth,and coarse.The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo.The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.     

北京西山采石场不同自然恢复期主要植物叶绿素荧光特征

本次调查中共记录到35种植物,其中矿区28种植物,非矿区27种植物。矿区和非矿区共有种有20种。测定同时出现在矿区及非矿区的8种植物的荧光动力学曲线,发现白莲蒿(A.sacrorum)、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、杠柳(Periplo-ca sepium)、黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)及荆条(Vitex negundo Var.Canna-bifolia)在矿区和非矿区生长状况差异不显著。胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolo)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa)及榆树(Ulmus pumila)在矿区生长良好,这说明矿区恶劣的土质条件虽然影响着一些植物的生长,但是良好的光照条件却为这些植物的生长提供更多的机会。     

超声萃取—高效液相色谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃

多环芳烃（简称PAHs）是一类具有致癌、致畸及致突变的持久性污染物。可靠的PAHs检测方法是研究其环境行为的重要保证。实验采用超声萃取、用固相萃取柱（SPE-C18）进行净化处理土壤样品,用液相色谱-荧光检测技术对美国环保署（USEAP）优先监测的15种多环芳烃污染物进行定量分析。实验结果表明,该方法对15种PAHs的最低检出限为0.231μg/kg-3.846μg/kg,回收率为51.48%-69.84%,相对标准偏差为6.84%-11.92%。     

应用荧光原位杂交方法检测赤潮异弯藻

根据对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)核糖体大亚基(LSU)和核糖体转录单元内间隔区 (ITS) 序列信息的分析,设计了以胞质rRNA和胞核rDNA为靶序列的特异性探针,建立了赤潮异弯藻的全细胞和细胞核荧光原位杂交快速检测方法.结果表明,探针能分别使整个细胞质和细胞核呈现强烈的绿色荧光;探针是特异性的,不与其他受试藻进行交叉反应.同时,用该方法成功的从模拟自然海区混合样品中检测出赤潮异弯藻.该研究方法可以适用于对实验室和自然海区赤潮异弯藻样品的快速、准确、特异和半定量检测.     

FISH技术定量解析亚硝酸盐氧化菌的条件优化

利用基于亚硝酸盐氧化菌(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,NOB)16S rRNA序列的荧光探针,优化了针对亚硝酸盐氧化菌的FISH技术实验条件.确定了FISH技术定量检测亚硝酸盐氧化菌的具体方法,并优化了样品预处理的实验条件为热固定2h,4%多聚甲醛固定15min,乙醇脱水5min;杂交过程的实验条件为杂交温度46℃,杂交时间3h,洗脱液中NaCl浓度为60mmol·L-1.运用建立的FISH技术检测了7d内亚硝酸盐氧化菌菌群的丰度变化,充分显示了荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization,FISH)的快速定性定量检测优势.     

Effect of functional groups on sludge for biosorption of reactive dyes

The sludge, which was collected from a biological coke wastewater treatment plant, was used as a low-cost adsorbent in the removal of reactive dyes (methylene blue (MB) and reactive red 4 (RR4)) from aqueous solution. The pH of dye solution played an important role on the dye uptake. As the solution pH increase, the MB uptake increased, while the RR4 uptake decreased. The maximum uptake of RR4 by protonated sludge was 73.7 mg/g at pH 1, and the maximum uptake of MB by sludge was 235.3 mg/g at pH 9. Three functional groups, including carboxyl, phosphonate, and amine group, were identified by potentiometric titration, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The anionic functional groups, phosphonate and carboxyl group, were identified as the binding sites for the cationic MB. Amine groups were identified to bind RR4. The main mechanism of the reactive dyestuffs adsorption is electrostatic interaction.     

天然日光辐照下河口区CDOM的光化学降解

2005年5月初和5月末,对经0.2μm滤膜过滤的九龙江口低盐度水样进行了2次每天6h、为期1周的天然日光辐照实验,研究有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光与吸收性质的光化学降解特征.结果表明, CDOM的类腐殖质荧光(λEx/λEm = 350/450nm)、类色氨酸荧光(λEx/λEm = 225/350nm)以及吸收系数在初夏短期日光辐照下均发生明显的光化学降解,其降解过程符合一级动力学方程,相应计算出类腐殖质和类色氨酸荧光以及吸收系数a(280)的半衰期分别为3.5～5.1 d、3.0～4.5 d及6.3 d.吸收损失光谱研究表明,对CDOM光降解起主要作用的是太阳辐射的紫外波段.照射42h后,类腐殖质荧光的损失(70%)远高于吸收系数a(280)的损失(约40%),表明CDOM荧光团比发色团更易被光漂白,但两者之间仍保持良好的正相关性.与对照组相比, CDOM经日光辐照后其A250/A350比值增大,表明光化学降解可使其平均分子粒径变小.结果表明, CDOM在入海后可通过光降解作用在近海海域发生转化及清除,光降解是陆源 CDOM 入海后的一个重要归宿.     

便携式X荧光光谱仪的实测比对与应用

通过对不同土壤环境标准物质和留样进行实测比对,验证了不同品牌的便携式X荧光光谱仪在不同样品情况下的工作性能,然后根据测试结果的准确度、精密度、可比性和仪器的辐射安全性优选出可用的仪器品牌;并对便携式X荧光光谱仪在土壤监测中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

南宁市医用Ⅲ类射线装置使用及防护现状调查

采用现场检查和机房周围环境监测相结合的方法,对南宁市195家291台Ⅲ类医用射线装置的防护状况进行了检查和监测。经过整改后,医疗单位射线装置检测合格率为100%。应从宣传培训、制度管理、监督监测等方面加强Ⅲ类医用射线装置放射防护工作。