Using X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual particle surface area, volume, and morphology towards investigating atmospheric heterogeneous reactions

Heterogeneous reactions on the aerosol particle surface in the atmosphere play important roles in air pollution, climate change, and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the reported uptake coefficients of heterogeneous reactions usually have large variations and may not be relevant to real atmospheric conditions. One of the major reasons for this is the use of bulk samples in laboratory experiments, while particles in the atmosphere are suspended individually. A number of technologies have been developed recently to study heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of individual particles. Precise measurements on the reactive surface area, volume, and morphology of individual particles are necessary for calculating the uptake coefficient, quantifying reactants and products, and understanding the reaction mechanism better. In this study, for the first time we used synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual CaCO_3 particle morphology, with sizes ranging from 3.5–6.5 μm. Particle surface area and volume were calculated using a reconstruction method based on software threedimensional(3-D) rendering. The XCT was first validated with high-resolution fieldemission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) to acquire accurate CaCO_3 particle surface area and volume estimates. Our results showed an average difference of only 6.1% in surface area and 3.2% in volume measured either by micro-Raman spectrometry or X-ray tomography. X-ray tomography and FE-SEM can provide more morphological details of individual Ca CO3 particles than micro-Raman spectrometry. This study demonstrated that X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry can precisely measure the surface area, volume, and morphology of an individual particle.     

Seasonal comparison of moss bag technique against vertical snow samples for monitoring atmospheric pollution

This is the first study seasonally applying Sphagnum papillosum moss bags and vertical snow samples for monitoring atmospheric pollution.Moss bags,exposed in January,were collected together with snow samples by early March 2012 near the Harjavalta Industrial Park in southwest Finland.Magnetic,chemical,scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX),K-means clustering,and Tomlinson pollution load index(PLI)data showed parallel spatial trends of pollution dispersal for both materials.Results strengthen previous findings that concentrate and slag handling activities were important(dust)emission sources while the impact from Cu–Ni smelter's pipe remained secondary at closer distances.Statistically significant correlations existed between the variables of snow and moss bags.As a summary,both methods work well for sampling and are efficient pollutant accumulators.Moss bags can be used also in winter conditions and they provide more homogeneous and better controlled sampling method than snow samples.     

节能炒灶在厨房环境质量优化中的应用研究

针对高校厨房使用现状,发现旧炒灶存在热效率低、燃烧不充分、炉膛易损、荒火现象严重等问题,导致室内环境质量较差.新型燃气炒灶具有实用性、稳定性、耐久性、安全性、节能环保性等优点,在食堂中具有推广应用价值.阐述了新型炒灶节能原理及技术优势,结合改造工程实际,提出了具体的改造方法及注意事项.测试数据显示,厨房空气质量得到有效改善,节能型炒灶的热效率为91％,节能率为54.5％,具有很好的环境效益和经济效益.     

高压注水泵房噪声超标危害及其治理技术研究

为了降低高压注水泵房的噪声及减少对岗位员工的危害,辽河油田公司对茨榆坨采油厂茨三注水站高压注水泵房噪声特点及其对岗位员工的危害进行了分析,并利用吸声、隔声和隔振技术对茨三注水站高压注水泵房噪声进行了治理。治理后高压注水泵房噪声由原来的88～99dB(1台注水泵运转)下降到73～81.5dB。泵房的休息室、值班室噪声由原来的60～75dB下降到42～48dB。达到了《工业企业设计卫生标准》(GBZ1-2002)的要求。     

一株耐辐射枯草芽孢杆菌的辐照抗性研究

研究室经过对枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种进行了两次中子辐照,一次γ辐照和一次紫外线辐照,筛选得到了一株辐射抗性较强的菌株,称为耐辐射株.为了系统地考察这株耐辐射株的辐照抗性,分别以芽孢和营养体为材料,研究了其对中子、脉冲X光和紫外线的耐受性.结果显示,这株耐辐射株与原菌相比,对不同射线的耐受性都有不同程度的提高.但对于不同的辐...     

红壤不同粒级组分中砷的形态——基于连续分级提取和XANES研究

土壤固相由不同大小的土壤颗粒构成.研究砷在土壤不同粒级组分中的形态,有助于深入了解土壤中砷的生物有效性、移动性及其环境风险.本文以砷吸附能力很强的红壤为研究对象,采用传统化学提取法研究了砷在各粒级组分（50～250μm,5～50μm,1～5μm和〈1μm）中的含量和形态,并采用X射线吸收近边结构（XANES）光谱法表征...     

废丁基橡胶再生及其应用

再生胶、胶粉及活化胶粉是废丁基橡胶回收利用的主要途径和方法,其中再生胶应用效果最好。综述了废丁基橡胶的再生方法及其应用,重点介绍了废丁基橡胶的常温塑化法再生工艺及机理,并结合实验,介绍了丁基再生胶用于制备防水卷材的一些经验。     

X射线荧光光谱分析法在土壤样品多元素分析中的应用

用Epsilon5偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪测定土壤样品中27种元素。方法的准确度用GBW07323和GSS-32标准样品验证,结果均在标准值范围内。方法的精密度用GBW07401标准样品检验,除Ni、Mo、Se和Pr四种元素的RSD〉10%外,其余被测元素的RSD均〈6.3%。实验表明用X射线荧光光谱分析法测定土壤样品中多种元素,具有方法简便、灵敏、准确,检出限低等特点。     

常温城市污水同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化研究

在常温14.7～24.7℃条件下,以城市生活污水为研究对象,采用SBR反应器,通过调整曝气量控制DO浓度为0.05～0.30 mg/Ｌ,进行了同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化试验.结果表明,SBR活性污泥反应器可以在常温条件下实现城市污水氨氮的同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应;DO可以作为其反应终点的指示参数,本试验确定为1 mg/Ｌ;在SBR探索试验中,NH⁺₄-N消耗速率为0.164～0.218　kg/（m³·d）,NO^-₃-N产生速率为0.026～0.036　kg/（m³·d）,TN脱除速率为0.124～0.194　kg/（m³·d）,去除效率为65%～75％;在SBR改进试验中,分别通过提高温度、增设非曝气运行时段和增加厌氧氨氧化菌生物量3个途径,避免了亚硝酸盐的积累,TN去除效率提高至77%～88%.考虑到脱氮速率和实际的工程应用条件,认为增加厌氧氨氧化菌的生物量是提高SBR反应器脱氮效能的优选途径.     

X射线微断层扫描技术(XDMT)在多孔介质中含砷聚集物的三维成像应用

利用X射线微断层差异扫描技术,扫描富砷河床沉积物及人工含砷样品,对多孔介质中的含砷聚集物进行成像分析.利用Avizo 6和Blob3D等工具对获取的数据进行处理,从而实现了含砷聚集物的三维可视化成像.结果显示,大量的含砷聚集物沉积在多孔介质颗粒表面,且不同尺寸的聚集物呈现出明显的形态多样化特征.小颗粒聚集物趋向于球形,大颗粒聚集物则趋向于扁平状.研究表明,该技术可在不破坏样品的前提下,直接观测多孔介质因沉积作用导致其内部结构的变化.