基于模糊相似优先比的供水管网渗漏同步诊断*

为加强城市供水管网渗漏诊断能力,采用基于模糊相似优先比的漏损判别方法实现供水管网漏损定位及漏损程度的同步诊断。通过MATLAB软件调用最新版EPANET V2.2建立供水管网模型,在管段中间加入扩散器模拟单次渗漏事件,通过更改扩散器系数实现渗漏量的控制;基于压力驱动水力分析得到各节点压力变化,遍历模拟各管段漏损后,通过建立节点压力灵敏度矩阵,采用K均值聚类法进行监测点布置;在此基础上,在易渗漏管段模拟产生不同渗漏级别的渗漏事件,以监测点压力变化值构建源范例库,在熵权法的基础上,采用模糊相似优先比方法同步诊断渗漏位置及渗漏程度。以某一实际管网为例,模拟产生50例历史渗漏事件,采用模糊相似优先比同步诊断新渗漏事件的渗漏位置及渗漏程度,并对比3种权重方法。结果表明:模糊相似优先比法可有效地实现渗漏定位与渗漏程度的同步诊断。     

基于微生物燃料电池技术的多元生物质生物产电研究进展

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)是一种使用微生物作为催化剂,直接将生物质能转化为电能的装置,为生物质的利用提供了新的途径.底物类型和底物浓度对于MFC的性能至关重要.使用小分子酸、醇或葡萄糖等简单有机物为底物时,MFC功率输出较高.但当底物为结构复杂的有机物时,为了提高MFC功率输出和底物降解效率,可以采用物理、化学手段对其进行预处理、采用天然菌群进行生物预降解或者添加简单有机物进行底物强化.基于多元生物质MFC技术未来将应用于污水中生物质能回收、偏远地区供电和生物传感器等方面.     

光纤FBG传感器实施大应变标定方法的探讨

针对钢管封装的大应变光纤光栅布拉格传感器的标定问题,设计了大应变试验加载平台,通过光纤光栅布拉格传感器对试验平台标定,确定了平台载荷与应变的比例系数K,按照等比加载实现了对光纤光栅布拉格传感器大于5000με的大应变标定。     

基于二氧化钛纳米管有序阵列的氢气探测

基于气体传感器对H_2的泄漏进行探测监控,可以有效预防和控制H_2火灾爆炸事故的发生。通过阳极氧化法制备了高度有序的二氧化钛(TiO_2)纳米管阵列并制成气体传感器元器件,研究其在空气气氛中对H_2的气敏特性。通过粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征手段研究了TiO_2纳米管的相组成和微观结构。TiO_2纳米管具有优异的气敏性能,可在200℃以上对H_2进行有效探测,检测极限达到20ppm。325℃对1 000ppm H_2灵敏度为446,响应时间为2s,对H_2选择性好。     

工业温室气体CO2排放监测技术前期研究

介绍了国内外二氧化碳（ CO2）气体检测方法,选取红外传感器、非分散红外和气相色谱3种方法监测工业燃煤废气中的CO2。试验结果表明,3种方法的精密度和准确度均满足要求;单一燃煤废气中CO2的体积分数范围为6．70％～15．10％,同一排气筒中CO2体积分数5 min的波动范围为0～22．4％;同一排气筒（单一燃煤废气）中CO2和O2的体积分数有一定的关联性,二者之和基本稳定在19％～21％范围;非分散红外法和气相色谱法测定同一样品的相对偏差为0．9％～3．4％;红外传感器适用于有组织排放的现场监测,另2种方法适用于无组织废气和环境空气监测。     

PREDICTING WILDERNESS SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT WITH NONWILDERNESS SNOW SENSORS1

ABSTRACT: Ten pairs of snow sensors were analyzed to investigate the feasibility of predicting snow water equivalent at high-elevation, telemetered snow sensor sites from lower-elevation sensors. The need for this analysis stems from an agreement between the California Department of Water Resources and the USDA Forest Service to temporarily allow snow sensors in California's wilderness areas so that a predictive relationship can be developed. After 10 or 15 years, the agreement calls for the sensors to be removed. Initial efforts to a priori select sensor pairs were based on proximity, colocation within a basin, and annual precipitation amount, but regression yielded poor fits (R² < 0.65) and high standard errors in eight of the ten cases. Analysis of the results suggested that eleva-tional similarity was the most important selection criteria, and that all available sensors near the target site should be analyzed via a regression screening. Using elevation for selection and the regression screening, five sensors that initially had poor fits were reanalyzed. Each of the five sensors was paired with between two and five new sensors, and R² values improved between 27 and 46 percent. Various data smoothing and editing algorithms were evaluated, but they rarely resulted in improved fits.     

浊度传感器应用于连续监测污水厂进水悬浮颗粒浓度的研究

为使城市污水处理厂更合理高效的运营,可对进水悬浮颗粒浓度的实时监测来实现。通过对进水水样的悬浮颗粒浓度测量值与相应浊度值建立的关系曲线,达到对污水处理厂进水悬浮颗粒浓度（mg／L）的连续实时监测。文中给出了浊度传感器的校准方法,并建立浊度-悬浮颗粒浓度关系曲线,将其应用于某城市污水处理厂,得到单位时间进水悬浮颗粒总量的实时连续图。     

防止起重机碰撞带电导线静电感应安全模型的研究

起重机触电事故在施工过程中时有发生。本文首先对起重机触电事故进行调查分析，在此基础上总结出事故发生的规律，提出了静电感应安全模型方案，以电磁场理论为基础，对方案进行了较为深入的理论和实践研究，并以可靠、准确、灵敏、经济为原则对方案进行了评价。为今后进一步研究起重机触电问题提供了有效途径和理论依据。     

Field Evaluation of the PAS III Passive Alcohol Sensor

Passive alcohol sensors (PAS) are screening devices designed to sample nonintrusively the ambient air around a driver's mouth to determine the presence of alcohol. Studies have shown that PAS devices can aid police officers in the identification of unpaired drivers, particularly at sobriety checkpoints. Data from a 1996 nationwide survey, in which 5,392 drivers were evaluated for alcohol using both the PAS III (a passive sensor housed in a flashlight) and evidential breath test devices, have allowed the determination of appropriate criteria at various blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) for detecting impaired drivers in the field. Using the appropriate criteria, the PAS III can identify about 75% of the drivers with BACs at or above 0.10%, and 70% at or above 0.08%. This is a vast improvement over the 40-50% detection rate currently achieved by police officers at checkpoints not using sensors. Using the PAS III few drivers would be identified inappropriately. At the criterion recommended for detecting BACs at or above 0.08%, about 14% of drivers with BACs of 0.02-0.05% would be incorrectly identified as having a higher BAC. Field studies have shown that when police officers rely on observation alone about 20% of drivers with low BACs are detained for further evaluation. More widespread use of passive sensors by police officers would aid in the detection of drinking drivers. Sensors also could provide an additional deterrent to the general public if they believe that when stopped by the police after drinking they will be detained for further evaluation.     

大型选煤厂粉尘在线监测与智能喷雾降尘系统研究

为解决大型选煤厂粉尘污染问题,提出了粉尘在线监测与智能喷雾相结合的降尘技术.以同煤集团塔山选煤厂输煤系统为研究背景,采用理论分析、现场实测及数值模拟等方法对输煤系统尘源扩散机理进行了研究.采用κ-ε湍流模型、欧拉模型和离散相模型(DPM)进行模拟,选择SIMPLE算法进行计算.模拟结果与实测数据基本一致.结果表明:在诱导风流的作用下输煤系统粉尘质量浓度较大,并以给料机及导料槽为中心径向逐步降低;同时,粉尘在线监测与智能喷雾降尘技术能有效降低输煤系统空间粉尘质量浓度,改善作业环境,空间粉尘质量浓度保持在国家标准以下.