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51.
The purpose of this study is to conduct a long-term site-specific risk assessment for zinc (Zn) susceptibility of bivalves, green mussel Perna viridis and hard clam Ruditapes philippinarum, based on published experimental data by linking the biologically-based damage assessment model with the subcellular partitioning concept. A comprehensive risk modeling framework was developed to predict susceptibility probability of two bivalve species exposed to waterborne Zn. The results indicated that P. viridis accumulates more Zn toxicity, whereas both toxic potency and the recovery rate of Zn are higher for R. philippinarum. We found that negative linear correlations exist in elimination-recovery and elimination-detoxification relationships, whereas a positive linear correlation was observed in recovery-detoxification relationships for bivalves exposed to waterborne Zn. Simulation results showed that the spatial differences of susceptibility primarily resulted from the variation of waterborne Zn concentration under field conditions. We found that R. philippinarum is more susceptible of Zn than P. viridis under the same exposure condition. Results also suggested that Zn posed no significant susceptibility risk to two bivalve species in Taiwan. We suggested that these two species can be used to biomonitor the water quality on Taiwan coastal areas. 相似文献
52.
Tire wear particles (TWP) abraded from end-of-life passenger car tires have been added at a concentration of 1 g L−1 to river water, sea water and mixtures thereof in order to examine the chemical controls on the leaching of Zn from the rubber matrix. Results of time-dependent experiments conducted over a period of 5 days were consistent with a diffusion controlled leaching mechanism with rate constants of about 0.04 mg L−1 h−1/2 in river water and between about 0.02 and 0.03 mg L−1 h−1/2 in sea water. Additional experiments revealed a reduction in Zn dissolution with both increasing salinity and pH and enhancement of leaching in the presence of fluorescent light compared with dark conditions. In corresponding experiments conducted in the presence of a fixed quantity (0.8 g L−1) of clean, fractionated estuarine sediment, aqueous Zn concentrations were reduced by at least an order of magnitude. Increasing the quantity of sediment resulted in a progressive reduction in Zn concentration until an apparent equilibrium was achieved, with partition coefficients defining the sediment-water distribution of Zn of about 550 mL g−1 and 270 mL g−1 in river water and sea water, respectively. Results are interpreted in terms of the dissolution of ZnO and other residual complexes from the matrix and the subsequent, rapid adsorption of Zn2+ ions to coexistent estuarine sediment. The findings of the study are discussed in terms of their implications for the transport, fate and effects of TWP Zn in aquatic environments that are likely to receive urban runoff. 相似文献
53.
Kimberly M. Camponelli Joel W. Snodgrass Ryan E. Casey 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(6):2143-2149
This study evaluated the chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn from source to deposition in a stormwater system. Cu and Zn concentrations and chemical fractionation were determined for roadway dust, roadway runoff and pond sediments. Stormwater Cu and Zn concentrations were used to generate cumulative frequency distributions to characterize potential exposure to pond-dwelling organisms. Dissolved stormwater Zn exceeded USEPA acute and chronic water quality criteria in approximately 20% of storm samples and 20% of the storm duration sampled. Dissolved Cu exceeded the previously published chronic criterion in 75% of storm samples and duration and exceeded the acute criterion in 45% of samples and duration. The majority of sediment Cu (92-98%) occurred in the most recalcitrant phase, suggesting low bioavailability; Zn was substantially more available (39-62% recalcitrant). Most sediment concentrations for Cu and Zn exceeded published threshold effect concentrations and Zn often exceeded probable effect concentrations in surface sediments. 相似文献
54.
55.
Sewage sludge (SS) can be applied to cropland to supply and recycle nutrients and organic carbon. Potentially toxic elements in the sludge, however, are of environmental concern. This study evaluates the changes in chemical speciation of Zn in three representative pristine soils of the Pampas Region, Argentina, measured with sequential extraction over a one-year period. Pure SS or SS containing 30% (DM) of its own incineration ash (AS) was applied to the soils at an application rate of 150Mgha(-1). Zn was sequentially fractionated into exchangeable, organically bound, inorganic and residual fractions. The application of the SS and AS amendments significantly increased Zn concentration in all soil fractions at each sampling date. At day 1, Zn was mainly found in the residual fraction. A year after the application of the amendments, redistribution towards the inorganic fraction was observed (41-76% of total Zn content). Zn found in exchangeable and inorganic fractions depended on soil pH rather than on the type of soil used. A negative and significant correlation was found between exchangeable Zn concentrations and soil pH (r=0.94), and a positive and significant correlation between inorganic Zn concentrations and soil pH (r=0.92). For each amended soil and sampling date, no significant differences were observed between SS or AS treatments for the exchangeable fraction. Moreover, the use of AS did not cause significant differences in Zn concentration in the other soil fractions compared to SS. Based on these results, land spreading of AS may be similar to SS diaposal in terms of Zn mobility. 相似文献
56.
Sammut ML Rose J Masion A Fiani E Depoux M Ziebel A Hazemann JL Proux O Borschneck D Noack Y 《Chemosphere》2008,70(11):1945-1951
There is a growing concern regarding the environmental and public health risks associated with airborne particulate matter (PM). The basic oxygen furnace is one of the most important atmospheric dust sources of the steel manufacturing process. It emits dust enriched in heavy metal such as Zn, which is assumed to contribute to the toxic potential of atmospheric PM. Dust collected before and after the filtration system was analyzed to determine Zn speciation. To this end, a variety of analytical tools were used and a sequential extraction protocol has been specifically developed for iron and steel dust. The Zn speciation results obtained by EXAFS and sequential extraction were in excellent agreement. Before filtration, the speciation of Zn in BOF was 43% ZnFe2O4, 23% ZnCO3 and 16% ZnO. The same species were detected after filtration with different proportions. BOF dust after filtration contains more soluble Zn phases which may play a role in the toxic effects of the emissions. 相似文献
57.
Marques AP Oliveira RS Rangel AO Castro PM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(3):608-620
Zn accumulation in Solanum nigrum grown in naturally contaminated soil in the presence of different types of organic amendments was assessed. Under the same conditions, the response of the plant to inoculation with two different isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus claroideum and Glomus intraradices) was also evaluated. S. nigrum grown in the non-amended soil always presented higher Zn accumulation in the tissues, with the addition of amendments inducing reductions of up to 80 and 40%, for manure and compost, respectively, and enhancing plant biomass yields. The establishment of S. nigrum in the Zn contaminated soil combined with the application of amendments led to a 70-80% reduction in the amount of Zn leached through the soil. The use of S. nigrum in combination with manure appeared as an effective method for reducing the effects of soil contamination, diminishing Zn transfer to other environmental compartments via percolation. 相似文献
58.
Warne MS Heemsbergen D McLaughlin M Bell M Broos K Whatmuff M Barry G Nash D Pritchard D Penney N 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):707-714
Laboratory-based relationships that model the phytotoxicity of metals using soil properties have been developed. This paper presents the first field-based phytotoxicity relationships. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown at 11 Australian field sites at which soil was spiked with copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) salts. Toxicity was measured as inhibition of plant growth at 8 weeks and grain yield at harvest. The added Cu and Zn EC10 values for both endpoints ranged from approximately 3 to 4760 mg/kg. There were no relationships between field-based 8-week biomass and grain yield toxicity values for either metal. Cu toxicity was best modelled using pH and organic carbon content while Zn toxicity was best modelled using pH and the cation exchange capacity. The best relationships estimated toxicity within a factor of two of measured values. Laboratory-based phytotoxicity relationships could not accurately predict field-based phytotoxicity responses. 相似文献
59.
Koopmans GF Römkens PF Fokkema MJ Song J Luo YM Japenga J Zhao FJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):905-914
A Cd and Zn contaminated soil was mixed and equilibrated with an uncontaminated, but otherwise similar soil to establish a gradient in soil contamination levels. Growth of Thlaspi caerulescens (Ganges ecotype) significantly decreased the metal concentrations in soil solution. Plant uptake of Cd and Zn exceeded the decrease of the soluble metal concentrations by several orders of magnitude. Hence, desorption of metals must have occurred to maintain the soil solution concentrations. A coupled regression model was developed to describe the transfer of metals from soil to solution and plant shoots. This model was applied to estimate the phytoextraction duration required to decrease the soil Cd concentration from 10 to 0.5 mg kg−1. A biomass production of 1 and 5 t dm ha−1 yr−1 yields a duration of 42 and 11 yr, respectively. Successful phytoextraction operations based on T. caerulescens require an increased biomass production. 相似文献
60.
Poul Johansen Martin Munk Hansen Gert Asmund Palle Bo Nielsen 《Chemistry and Ecology》1991,5(1):35-55
In monitoring the impact of a lead-zinc mine in Greenland, species of fish, prawns, seaweed and mussels have been analysed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for several years. These metals have been released to the marine environment in significant amounts from the mining operation. 相似文献