两种碳源对聚磷菌种群结构及除磷脱氮性能的影响

分别以乙酸钠和丙酸钠作为有机碳源,利用序批式反应器系统对聚磷菌进行富集培养,通过高通量测序技术和化学分析,研究两种碳源对聚磷菌种类及除磷脱氮性能的影响。结果表明：稳定状态下,两者均取得良好的除磷率（＞94%）,丙酸钠对除磷的促进作用优于乙酸钠,丙酸钠对脱氮的促进作用低于乙酸钠;在科和属的水平上,丙酸钠系统的聚磷菌丰度均高于乙酸钠系统。     

Tertiary-butyl acetate metabolism,toxicity, and human health considerations

Tertiary-butyl acetate (TBAC) (CAS No. 540-88-5) is an organic solvent with a potential for occupational and environmental exposure as a result of its use in industrial coatings, adhesives, inks, and degreasers. The objective of these studies was to extend the toxicological database upon which health hazard and risk assessments of TBAC can be made. The metabolism of TBAC was studied in rats exposed by inhalation for 6?h to concentrations of 100 or 1000?ppm. There was an evidence of partial saturation of TBAC absorption and metabolism at some concentration below 1000?ppm. Approximately 5% of the low dose and 26% of the high dose was expired without change within 12?h, while the retained material was rapidly metabolised and excreted, mostly in the urine, within 24?h. Very little radioactivity remained in the tissues after day 7. The metabolism of TBAC appears to follow two major routes: hydroxylation of the tertiary-butyl moiety to form 2-hydroxymethylisopropyl acetate and ester hydrolysis to form tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA). A minor route involves oxidation of the acetate moiety. Based on the proportion of metabolites that can clearly be assigned to one or the other major pathway, hydroxylation of the tertiary-butyl moiety prevails at 100?ppm, while hydrolysis of the ester bond predominates at 1000?ppm.

Based on nose-only inhalation exposure of rats to TBAC for 6?h, the LC50 for males and females combined is approximately 4200?ppm. Clinical signs included exaggerated breathing, staggering, tremors, and lethargy approximately 1?h after the exposure, but all surviving rats appeared normal from 24?h until the end of the 14?day observation period. An LC₅₀ was not identified for mice. After exposure of whole body for 6?h to 3000?ppm, the highest concentration tested, all mice were prostrate for most of the exposure time, but there were no deaths.

Groups of five male and five female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed nose-only to 0, 100, 400, or 1600?ppm TBAC 6?h?day^?1 5 days?wk^?1 for 2?weeks. There were no effects on body weight, feed or water consumption, or necropsy findings. Male rats exposed to 1600?ppm had increased liver weights and hypertrophy of centrilobular hepatocytes. An increased proportion of cortical tubule cells with hyaline droplet accumulation was observed in all treated groups of males. Groups of five male and five female CD-1 mice were exposed whole body to 0, 190, 375, 750, or 1500?ppm TBAC 6?h?day^?1 for 14 consecutive days. There were no effects on body weight, feed consumption, or necropsy findings. Liver weights were increased in female mice at 750 and 1500?ppm. Minimal hypertrophy of centrilobular hepatocytes was found in female mice at 375, 750, and 1500?ppm and in male mice at 1500?ppm TBAC.

TBAC did not induce gene mutations in bacterial tests with strains of S. typhimurium and E. coli. Further, there was no evidence of clastogenic activity from tests either for the induction of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro in the presence or absence of S9 mix or for the induction of micronuclei in bone marrow cells of rats exposed by inhalation for 6?h to 1600?ppm TBAC.

These results are relevant to human health risk assessment and are discussed in the context of previous studies. The weight of the scientific evidence supports the conclusion that TBAC has lower acute toxicity than previously suggested, that it is rapidly excreted when inhaled, and that neither TBAC nor its TBA metabolite are genotoxic or potential human carcinogens.     

类脂/醋酸纤维素复合吸附材料的制备与性能

采用相转化法将类脂包埋到醋酸纤维素(CA)中,制备出了具有对水中低剂量亲脂性有机污染物高效吸附去除的平板膜.以扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的结构形貌和表面特征.利用机械搅拌方式和超声方式对类脂进行分散的实验表明,超声对类脂的均匀分散具有强化作用.同时考察了铸膜温度(室温、0℃)对类脂分散的效果,表明低温有助于形成小的脂滴.另外,通过复合膜的红外谱图证实,类脂和CA属于物理混合,不会改变类脂的分子结构,从而不会影响类脂对亲脂性有机污染物的吸附性能.通过荧光分析法分析复合膜在正己烷溶剂中的稳定情况,表明类脂已被完好地包埋到膜中,因而在去除有机污染物的过程中不会从复合膜中渗出.     

产氢产酸/同型产乙酸两相耦合工艺厌氧发酵市政污泥生产乙酸

采用一种新的产氢产酸/同型产乙酸两相耦合工艺对市政污泥进行厌氧发酵,以实现高效产乙酸的目的.结果表明,采用该两相耦合工艺对市政污泥厌氧发酵能很好地促进乙酸的生成,实验条件下,产氢产酸相乙酸最高浓度达到4.27 g/L,同型产乙酸相乙酸最高浓度则为1.07 g/L,乙酸产率和VFA产率分别达到0.42 g/gVS和0.69 g/gVS,与非耦合系统相比,分别提高了.61.5%和53.3%.实验结果还证明,污泥经热碱法预处理之后再厌氧发酵,能更有效地产酸,与不经过预处理的污泥原液发酵相比,前者的产氢产酸相乙酸浓度比后者提高了2.9倍.     

Combination eect of pH and acetate on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis

The productivity and eciency of cellulase are significant in cellulose hydrolysis. With the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the pH value in anaerobic digestion system is reduced. Therefore, this study will find out how the pH and the amount of acetate inuence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The eects of pH and acetate on cellulase produced from Bacillus coagulans were studied at various pH 5-8, and acetate concentrations (0-60 mmol/L). A batch kinetic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrol...     

Influence of ground tire rubber on the transient loading response of a peat biofilter

The effect of using ground tire rubber (GTR) as an adsorptive material in the removal of a 2:1:1 weight mixture of n-butyl acetate, toluene and m-xylene by using a peat biofilter under different intermittent conditions was investigated. The performance of two identical size biofilters, one packed with fibrous peat alone and the other with a 3:1 (vol) fibrous peat and GTR mixture, was examined for a period of four months. Partition coefficients of both materials were measured. Values of 53, 118 and 402 L kg(-1) were determined for n-butyl acetate, toluene and m-xylene in peat, respectively; and values of 40, 609 and 3035 L kg(-1) were measured for the same compounds in GTR. Intermittent load feeding of 16 h per day, 5 days per week working at an EBRT of 60 s and an inlet VOC concentration of 0.3 g C m(-1), resulted in removal efficiencies higher than 90% for both biofilters, indicating that the addition of GTR did not adversely affect the behavior of the bioreactor. Full removal of n-butyl acetate was obtained for both biofilters. GTR improved the removal of the aromatics in the first part of the biofilter, facilitating lower penetration of the toluene and m-xylene into the bed. A 31-day starvation period was applied and intermittent operation subsequently restarted. In both biofilters, high removal efficiencies after a re-acclimation period of two days were achieved. A shock loading test related to 1-h peaks of three- and four-fold increases in its baseline concentration (0.30 g C m(-3)) was applied in both biofilters. For the biofilter packed with the peat and GTR mixture, attenuation greater than 60% was observed in the maximum outlet concentration when compared to the biofilter packed with peat alone.     

Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.