如何提高分光光度分析的准确度

分光光度测定中,从采样、预处理、溶液配制与稀释、回归方程制作、数据计算等各个环节,都要考虑有效数字的位数是否满足要求,其对分析结果准确度有举足轻重的影响;最大吸收波长的扫描、溶液稀释方式、仪器空白值的扣除等操作环节对分析结果也会产生重要影响。     

Parental care of replacement clutches in common terns (Sterna hirundo)

In long-lived seabirds with low annual reproductive output, the renesting decision after breeding failure is critical, and the parents have to weigh benefits of replacement clutches against possible future reproductive costs. In this study, we investigated factors influencing renesting decisions in common terns (Sterna hirundo) and compared aspects of breeding biology and body mass between two breeding attempts by the same pairs in each of 4 years of heavy losses due to predation. Renesting birds were characterized by early laying dates and by a high age. Among early breeders, high egg mass reduced the probability of renesting. A long relaying interval coincided with low mass of replacement eggs in one year, and short intervals with high egg mass in another. Further, egg mass decreased and relaying intervals increased the later the predation events occurred. Evidence of high levels of parental care of replacement clutches came from body mass data: female mass increase prior to egg laying was higher in the second attempt than in the first, whereas male mass was lower during the second courtship period than during the first. Male mass also affected relaying intervals and mass of replacement eggs. We conclude that common terns expend high levels of parental care of replacement clutches. Intrinsic factors related to individual quality (age, body condition) seemed most important for renesting decisions and for the degree of parental care, but foraging conditions seemed to have modifying effects. Received: 13 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 5 February 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2000     

电动力学技术去除剩余污泥中铜、锌条件优化

电动力学去除剩余污泥中重金属受到多种因素的影响,其中电解电压、电极面积、电极材料等都有较大的影响,很有必要进行条件优化研究。针对存在的问题,系统的研究了电解电压、电极面积、电极材料对电动力学修复过程的影响。研究表明,影响污泥中重金属Cu和Zn去除率的因素大小顺序为:电压电极面积电极材料;采用等于或低于氢析出电压进行电动力学修复时,更有利于提高污泥中重金属去除率;增大电极面积,提高了电流强度,有利于污泥中重金属的转化、迁移,从而提高污泥中重金属去除率;研究表明,采用低于氢析出电压和惰性电极可以有效避免电极被腐蚀。     

Metolachlor persistence in laboratory and field soils under Indian tropical conditions

Abstract

Metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐2'‐ethyl‐6'‐methyl acetanilide] dissipation under both field and laboratory conditions were studied during summer season in an Indian soil. Metolachlor was found to have moderate persistence with a half‐life of 27 days in field. The herbicide got leached down to 15–30 cm soil layer and residues were found up to harvest day of the sunflower crop in both 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil layers. Metolachlor was found to be more persistent in laboratory studies conducted for 190 days. The rate of degradation was faster in soil under flooded partial anaerobic conditions as compared to aerobic soil with a half‐life of 44.3 days. In aerobic soil, metolachlor was very stable with only 49% dissipation in 130 days. Residues remained in both the soils up to the end of the experimental period of 190 days.     

基于集对分析的降水酸度及水质相似预测模型研究

应用集对分析法刻画历史样本之间的相似性,用多个最相似的历史样本的加权平均值作为当前样本预测值,建立了基于集对分析的降水酸度及水质相似预测模型(SFM-SPA),并运用该模型进行了降水酸度及水质预测的实例验证。结果表明,在主要影响因子选择适当、历史样本的代表性和相似性较好等限定条件下,利用模型进行环境预测是可行的,它较直观、计算简便,为环境污染预测提供了新的途径。     

热解条件对废旧电路板真空热解油的成分的影响

采用GC/MS检测,研究最终温度(400、500和600℃)和升温速率(5、10和15℃/min)对废旧电路板真空热解油的成分的影响。研究表明,最终温度过高(600℃)、升温速率较小(5℃/min)或较大(15℃/min)都不利于热解油的形成,反而增大不凝气的产量。升高最终温度会增强较低碳数物质的热解效果,产生更多的不凝气;但同时也会限制较高碳数物质的热解,出现较多的环化、聚合反应生成结构复杂的物质。升温速率较高(15℃/min),会产生大量不饱和物质,其在后续发生环化、聚合等反应,生成更多的C14~C18,C6~C9含量则大幅下降。从热解油产量和GC/MS检测结果看,升温速率为10℃/min、最终温度为500℃和恒温1 h,热解充分,热解油C6~C9含量高,有较高的综合利用价值。     

深水环境试验技术综述

系统总结了深水环境模拟试验装备的发展历程以及国内外发展状况,介绍了深水环境模拟的2个关键技术——压力和温度环境模拟技术、测试技术与结构状态评估方法.对深水环境模拟试验技术的工程应用进行了归纳和总结,对深水环境模拟试验技术的改进方向和发展趋势进行了展望.     

地空导弹装备环境适应性研究与分析

介绍了环境适应性的概念,讨论了装备环境适应性与可靠性的关系,分析了地空导弹装备所面临的自然环境,通过对温度、湿度、沙尘盐雾、雷电和高原等因素对地空导弹装备影响的研究,提出了相应的应对措施,这对提高地空导弹装备的环境适应性具有重要的作用。     

天津市PM10, PM2.5和PM1连续在线观测分析

利用2010年9月1日─11月30日在中国气象局天津大气边界层观测站采集的ρ(PM₁₀₎,ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁)数据,分析了观测期间可吸入颗粒物的统计特征,结合同期气象观测资料,分析了典型天气条件下ρ(PM₁₀₎,ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁)的日变化特征及与风速、风向的关系. 结果表明:观测期间,ρ(PM₁₀₎日均值有超过1/2的天数超过《国家环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095─1996)二级标准限值;ρ(PM_2.5)有63 d超过美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)1997标准限值,超标率高达76.8%;不同天气条件下,ρ(PM₁₀₎,ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁)日变化特征明显,三者一般在大雾或扬沙/浮尘天气条件下出现高值,有降水过程时出现低值;可吸入颗粒物以粗粒子(PM_2.5～10)和PM₁为主,PM_2.5～10,PM_1～2.5和PM₁主要分布在风速小于3 m/s,风向为225°～280°和70°～110°范围内;风速大于3 m/s时,ρ(PM_2.5～10)和ρ(PM_1～2.5)有所增加. ρ(PM₁₀₎,ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁)未出现周末效应,但存在明显的周内变化.      

“大气十条”实施期间南京市PM2.5化学组成与来源的演变特征

为深入认识“大气污染防治行动计划”(“大气十条”)对大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)污染的影响,基于“大气十条”实施期间南京市主城区(草场门)PM_2.5的化学组分监测资料,研究了PM_2.5主要组分的浓度和占比、富集因子和酸度等变化特征,并采用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)进行了PM_2.5的来源解析.结果发现,“大气十条”实施期间,南京市PM_2.5中硫酸根(SO₄^2-)的占比总体下降,但硝酸根(NO^-₃)和铵根(NH⁺₄)的占比均明显上升,两者的占比从2014年的25.58%上升到2017年的37.15%;碳组分(OC和EC)的浓度在“大气十条”早期出现大幅下降,但后期的下降趋势明显变缓,其中,有机碳(OC),特别是二次有机碳(SOC)的占比不降反升;PM_2.5酸性显著减弱,阴阳离子的摩尔当量比值(CE/AE)从2014年的0.83上升...