多层营养盐协同作用的藻类生长模型研究

不同形态的营养盐在不同介质(层面)中会对藻类生长产生不同的影响,本研究构建了同时考虑水环境中、藻细胞膜界面上和藻细胞膜内营养盐浓度,尤其营养盐在藻细胞界面吸附/脱附作用的藻类生长数值模型,通过数值计算进行了参数率定和验证.结果显示,实验测试值与本模型计算值的平均相对误差小于6.90%,而且,本模型与未考虑营养盐吸附/脱附作用模型的最大绝对值累积相对误差分别为11.70%和34.18%.显然,本研究提出的这种藻类生长模型与实测数据吻合更好,能够更准确、合理和真实地描述藻类生长状态与变化趋势.本模型反映出的细胞膜界面浓度,体现了藻细胞在光暗交替情况下吸收营养盐的变化,同时表达了藻细胞内部ATP浓度的变化状态,使外界营养盐浓度同藻细胞自身营养状态之间,也就是在微观和中观层次之间建立起具有理论指导意义的相互关联作用.     

土壤残留塑料的热降解脱附研究

针对土壤的塑料污染问题,提出一种采用热脱附降解技术修复污染土壤的方法.选取4种土壤中常见的残留塑料(聚乙烯(PE)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚丙烯(PP))为研究对象,通过控制热解温度和土壤含水率对各污染土壤的修复效果进行探究.实验结果表明:在500℃的最佳热解温度下处理60 min,PE、P...     

烟气脱硫石膏对滩涂围垦土壤重金属解吸及残留形态的影响

滩涂围垦土壤是重金属等难降解污染物的主要最终归宿场所之一,其重金属的解吸将影响重金属的迁移性、生物有效性和潜在毒性,研究重金属的解吸对土壤污染评价、修复及环境容量预测至关重要.研究了烟气脱硫石膏对广州市南沙滩涂围垦土壤重金属的解吸效果,并分析了烟气脱硫石膏对重金属形态的影响.在离心管中称取20.0 g过0.25mm筛土样,加入20 mL水和不同量的烟气脱硫石膏,在室温下于恒温振荡器振荡,风干研碎后用原子吸收分光光度法测定重金属全量,并用Tessier连续提取法研究了处理前后重金属形态变化.研究结果表明,随着脱硫石膏施用量的增加,经过振荡离心后的滩涂围垦土壤中重金属质量分数先急剧下降,之后变化趋于平缓.与原土相比各重金属最大解吸率分别为:Cd 30.38%,Cu17.73%,Ni 15.00%,Zn 14.19%,Pb 9.46%,Cr 8.89%.比较处理前后重金属的形态变化,发现各重金属的可交换态解吸率均达50%以上,并且重金属碳酸盐结合态质量分数也有减少.说明烟气脱硫石膏能降低土壤对重金属的吸附,经振荡离心后能降低土壤中重金属的毒性和生物可利用性.     

GC/MS法测定大气中挥发性有机污染物

介绍了用ＧＣ／ＭＳ法分析大气中挥发性有机污染物。以８种苯系物为试剂进行试验,结果表明：相对标准偏差小于９％,回收率大于９５％;当采样量为１０Ｌ时,８种苯系物的最低检出质量浓度均低于２μｇ／ｍ＾３。     

低温结晶净化柠檬酸盐解吸贫液中硫酸根

在柠檬酸盐吸收—解吸脱硫技术中,完成循环吸收过程的吸收液由于烟气杂质催化和高温解吸变成了含低二氧化硫浓度、中高硫酸根浓度、多种有机酸共存的柠檬酸盐解吸贫液,造成吸收效率下降、SO2平衡容量严重降低,必须进行溶液净化,特别是净化硫酸根。针对这一问题,实验室采用低温结晶法净化柠檬酸盐脱硫解吸贫液模拟液,通过对溶液中硫酸根浓度分析,研究了不同反应时间、温度、初始硫酸根浓度、柠檬酸根总浓度和溶液p H对硫酸根去除效率的影响。结果表明,硫酸根去除率与冷冻温度和溶液p H有关。在柠檬酸根总浓度1.5 mol/L,初始硫酸根浓度40 g/L,冷冻温度3℃,p H 4.5的条件下,可将硫酸根净化至16.9 g/L。     

氯盐对含汞土壤热脱附的影响

采用管式电阻炉对不同氯盐调理的含汞土壤进行热脱附实验,研究氯盐种类和炉温等对汞脱除效果的影响,分别从汞脱除率、热重测试和XRD汞形态分析3个方面进行评价.结果表明,不同温度下添加氯盐均对汞脱除率有明显提升.230℃时,添加氯化铁、氯化镁和氯化钙调理相比对照组(不添加氯盐),汞脱除率分别提升66.2％、49.3％和15.8％,即促进效果:FeCl3＞MgCl2＞CaCl2.在300℃下加热25 min时,添加氯化铁调理的汞脱除率为96.1～96.2％,与对照组相比,最高提升了68.3％.热重测试结果显示,载气对汞的挥发影响较小,湿法投加氯盐效果比干法投加更明显.炉尾晶体XRD分析结果表明,在低温条件下氯盐促进样品中汞向氯化汞转变从而提高了汞脱除率.添加氯盐调理提高了汞脱除率,同时缩短了汞热脱附达到稳定的时间.     

活性炭纤维吸附模拟废气中的乙醇和乙醚

采用动态吸附法研究了5种活性炭纤维（ACF）对乙醇、乙醚及模拟混合废气中的乙醇和乙醚的吸附性能。实验结果表明：当ACF-1,ACF-2,ACF-3,ACF-4分别吸附乙醇和乙醚时,在室温、乙醇质量浓度12.0 mg/L、乙醚质量浓度13.0 mg/L的条件下,4种ACF对乙醇的穿透吸附量和饱和吸附量分别为60~70 mg/g和339~409 mg/g,对乙醚的穿透吸附量和饱和吸附量分别为50~65 mg/g和301~344 mg/g;在室温、模拟混合废气中乙醇和乙醚的质量浓度均为11.6 mg/L、吸附时间120 min的条件下,具有较大的比表面积和微孔体积的ACF-5对乙醇的吸附量为205 mg/g,对乙醚的吸附量为223 mg/g;在脱附真空度-0.95 Pa、脱附时间20 min的条件下,经17 次使用的ACF-5对模拟混合废气中乙醇和乙醚的穿透吸附量均为87 mg/g,穿透时间均为12 min。     

Behaviour of pendimethalin in tropical and mediterranean plain field condition

Abstract

Behaviour of the herbicide pendimethalin [N‐(l‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2,6‐dinitrobenzenamine] was evaluated in plain field under wet tropical conditions (Martinique, FWI) and in the Mediterranean area (Languedoc, South of France). Simultaneously, adsorption parameters were discussed with Freundlich equation, and desorption evaluated using a model with two compartments corresponding to two different energy levels. Pendimethalin showed a strong adsorption in all three soils and was very difficult to desorb. Higher clay content in tropical vertisol and ferrisol involved adsorption parameters (Kfa) higher than the one found in the Mediterranean fluvisol. Although heavy rainfalls in the tropics intervene on migration, pendimethalin propensity to leaching is levelled by its strong adsorption potential and appears very limited under the conditions chosen during this work. Half‐life of the compound (in the 0–25 cm soil layer) varied from 13 to 17 days. Pendimethalin was also classified as a “non‐leacher” compound using the “Gustafson model”.     

Enhanced Desorption of Phenanthrene from Soils Using Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin: Experimental Results and Model Predictions

Objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPCD) on the removal of phenanthrene from solid phase. Batch tests for the phenanthrene distribution between aqueous and solid phase were conducted in the presence of HPCD. Column tests and numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the roles of HPCD cavities and interaction rates between water, HPCD, and solid phase in the enhanced removal of phenanthrene. Experimental results showed that HPCD was effective in removing sorbed phenanthrene from subsurface environment, primarily due to its negligible sorption to the solid phase and the partitioning of phenanthrene into HPCD cavities. From the numerical simulations, it was found that rate‐limited partitioning of phenanthrene into HPCD cavities was most influential factor in the enhanced elution of phenanthrene. Sorption and desorption rate of phenanthrene between aqueous and solid phase was very fast or near equilibrium state. Interaction rates of contaminant between water, HPCD, and solid phase could be affected by other factors such as soil types and organic matter contents. Results from this study implied that HPCD flushing could be effectively applied for the removal of hydrophobic organic pollutants existing in the soils as sorbed or NAPL state.