海河干流底泥中六氯苯残留及其释放规律

为调查海河干流底泥中六氯苯的污染程度及底泥悬浮后六氯苯的释放规律,利用Malven Mastersizer激光粒度分布仪测定海河干流5个断面底泥的粒径分布.结果表明:底泥粒径<125μm的占总质量50%左右,而>500μm只占10%左右,得出海河底泥的粒径较细,为淤泥质底泥;海河干流5断面底泥总有机碳含量在0.64%～3.40%之间;底泥中残留六氯苯浓度范围为6.8～16.7μg/kg,平均值为长江南京段底泥中六氯苯含量的2.9倍,远低于淮河底泥中六氯苯含量.考察了温度、总有机碳含量、底泥粒径以及吸附时间对六氯苯释放的影响,结果表明各因素对六氯苯的释放均有显著影响.快、慢2段一级动力学模型较好地拟合了六氯苯释放的实验数据,并得出了释放动力学参数:快速和慢速释放部分所占的质量分率F_rap,F_slow分别为37.6%和62.4%;快速和慢速释放速率常数k_rap,k_slow分别为0.066 9h^-1和0.000 5h^-1.     

四溴双酚A在潮土中的吸附和解吸

采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了四溴双酚A(TBBPA)在潮土中的吸附和解吸行为,并且探讨了pH值和离子强度对TBBPA吸附的影响.结果表明,TBBPA在潮土中的吸附过程可以分为快速吸附阶段(0～24 h)和慢速吸附阶段(24～48 h),其中快速吸附阶段在吸附过程中起主要作用,在48 h时吸附基本达到平衡.TBBPA在潮土中的吸附等温线呈现为非线性,其吸附行为可以很好地用Freundlich方程描述.在溶液pH值为6.0-8.0的范围内,TBBPA在潮土中的吸附量随pH值的增大而减少,当溶液pH>8.0后吸附量未表现出明显的变化趋势.离子强度也明显影响TBBPA在潮土中的吸附,随着离子强度的增加TBBPA的吸附量增加.吸附.解吸过程表明TBBPA在潮土中的解吸相对于吸附过程具有滞后性,说明潮土对TBBPA有较强的结合能力.     

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of diphenylarsenicals in two contrasting soils

Diphenylarsinic acid(DPAA) is formed during the leakage of aromatic arsenic chemical weapons in soils,is persistent in nature,and results in arsenic contamination in the field.The adsorption and desorption characteristics of DPAA were investigated in two typical Chinese soils,an Acrisol(a variable-charge soil) and a Phaeozem(a constant-charge soil).Their thermodynamics and some of the factors influencing them(i.e.,initial pH value,ionic strength and phosphate) were also evaluated using the batch method in order to understand the environmental fate of DPAA in soils.The results indicate that Acrisol had a stronger adsorption capacity for DPAA than Phaeozem.Soil DPAA adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process and the amount of DPAA adsorbed was affected significantly by variation in soil pH and phosphate.In contrast,soil organic matter and ionic strength had no significant effect on adsorption.This suggests that DPAA adsorption may be due to specific adsorption on soil mineral surfaces.Therefore,monitoring the fate of DPAA in soils is recommended in areas contaminated by leakage from chemical weapons.     

稀土元素在土壤和氧化物表面的吸附和解吸研究

混合稀土在我国主要类型土壤、铁锰氧化物、高岭石表面的等温吸附符合Freundlich、Temkin和Langmuir吸附方程.最大吸附量(Q_m)的顺序为:δ-MnO_2≥黑土>黑钙土>无定形铁>黄棕壤>红壤>砖红壤>高岭石.决定土壤吸附稀土容量的主要因素是粘土矿物类型,其次是无定型铁含量;土壤对稀土的吸附强度与铁氧化物的专性吸附强度和粘土矿物的交换吸附强度有关.土壤和矿物对混合稀土的专性吸附能力顺序为:δ-MnO_2>无定形铁>黑土、黑钙上>砖红壤>高岭石>红壤、黄棕壤.     

西辽河沉积物中不同粒径微团聚体磷的解吸特征

采用平衡解吸法研究了西辽河沉积物不同粒径微团聚体磷的解吸特征.结果表明,不同粒径团聚体磷的解吸比例为黏粒(0.20)<粉粒(0.28)<细砂(0.45)<粗砂(0.93);其原因为:细粒级微团聚体中腐殖质含量远远高于粗粒级;细粒级微团聚体中有机质是通过可溶有机质与黏土矿物相互结合形成复合体而富集,在其所形成的复合体团聚结构中引起的团聚体结构不可逆形变是导致磷的解吸比例降低,解吸迟滞性指数增大的根本原因;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒级微团聚体所携载的可解吸态磷(NAP)入海后可分别为上覆水提供磷(212.93±38.60)mg/kg,(159.45±31.44)mg/kg.沉积物黏粒级和粉粒级微团聚体所携载的NAP是磷素循环的重要组成部分.     

微波法水处理技术研究进展

简单介绍了微波加热的原理,对微波法水处理技术的研究现状进行了综述,指出了微波法水处理技术的研究方向.     

MAP法与沸石吸附组合工艺的脱氮除磷实验研究

以高浓度氮磷模拟废水为处理对象,通过静态实验研究了MAP法（磷酸铵镁法）与沸石吸附组合工艺的脱氮除磷效果。以MAP法除磷脱氮后的出水作为沸石吸附过程的进水,最终出水的氮、磷去除率可达86．69％和99．9％,且在MAP反应过程中采取较高的pH值和Mg^2＋浓度有利于后期沸石对氮、磷的吸附去除。     

芘在土壤中的长期吸附和解吸行为

研究了芘在6种不同性质土壤中长期吸附解吸及不可逆吸附行为.实验结果表明:长期实验中芘在土壤中的吸附和解吸都存在快过程和慢过程2个阶段.不同吸附平衡时间下,有机质含量高于1%时,不同土壤的吸附平衡常数随有机质含量的增加而增加;有机质含量低于1%时,黏粒含量对土壤的吸附能力有着重要影响;平衡时间由2d增加到180d后,6种土壤的Kd值增加了35.1%～557.9%,其中土壤有机质对Kd值有不同程度的影响,而黏粒对Ka值影响最大,平衡时间对部分土壤Kd值影响不容忽视.长期解吸过程中,6种土壤慢解吸部分占总解吸量的12.05%～41.00%,有机质含量越高,慢解吸对解吸过程的贡献越大.不考虑老化的影响,有机质含量对不可逆吸附容量的贡献明显高于黏粒的贡献,与有机质对慢解吸过程的影响有一致性.     

多环芳烃在中国两种典型土壤中的吸附和解吸行为研究

采用批量实验的方法,研究了多环芳烃类有机化合物萘和菲在两种中国典型土壤样品(草甸土和黑土)中的吸附和解吸行为,并用一种新型解吸模型--"双元平衡解吸(DED)模型"对解吸行为进行了预测.结果表明,萘和菲在两种土壤中的吸附符合传统的线性模型,解吸行为则表现出明显的滞后现象,且DED模型的预测值与实验结果相吻合.DED模型能够利用简单的理化参数更加准确地定量描述憎水性有机污染物的解吸行为,该模型可为我国的土壤风险评价和土壤环境质量标准的制定等工作提供量化手段.     

Adsorption and desorption of herbicide monosulfuron-ester in Chinese soils

Monosulfuron-ester is a new, low rate, sulfonylurea herbicide that is being promoted for annual broadleaf and gramineal weed control; however, there is a lack of published information on its behavior in soils. The adsorption and desorption of monosulfuronester by seven type soils were measured using a batch equilibrium technique. The results showed that the Freundlich equation fitted its adsorption and desorption well, and the Freundlich constant values (Kf-ads) ranged from 0.88 to 5.66. Adsorption isotherms were nonlinear with 1/nf-ads values < 1. Soil pH, organic matter (OM), and clay content were the main factors influencing its adsorption and desorption. Adsorption and desorption were negatively correlated with pH 4.0–8.0 while positively correlated with OM and clay content. The adsorption of monosulfuron-ester was mainly a physical process, because its free energy (ΔG) in seven soils was less than 40 kJ/mol. Monosulfuron-ester adsorption by three soils increased with increasing CaCl2 concentration using CaCl2 as a background electrolyte. Monosulfuron-ester desorption was hysteretic in all tested soils.