有机有毒污染物在土壤及底泥系统中的吸附/解析行为研究进展

本文对有机有毒污染物在土壤及底泥系统中的吸附／解析行为的研究进展进行了较系统的阐述，其中包括基本概念及原理，动力学模型，与吸附／解析行为相关的作用，研究新方法及有机有毒污染物的定量结构－活性关系。     

Appendix

Abstract

The interaction of glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)‐glycine] with four typical European soils is reported. Results of adsorption and desorption isotherms show that the interaction of glyphosate with these soils was mainly related to content of iron and aluminium amorphus hydroxides. Moreover, it was found that the presence of divalent cations in 2: 1 clay minerals also contribute to glyphosate adsorption. The S‐type form of the adsorption isotherms revealed the existence of two different binding sites. These were exchangeable cations at low herbicide concentration and Fe and Al at higher glyphosate concentrations. The K maximum values of adsorption provided by the linear form of the Langmuir equation were found to be more consistent with soil parameters than those calculated by the Freundlich equation. The order of desorption from the soils was the reverse of that found for adsorption. Moreover, desorption varied from around 15 to 80% of the adsorbed herbicide according to the soil characteristics. This indicated that glyphosate adsorption on soils is far from being permanent and leaching to lower soil horizons with limited biological activity may occur.     

Adsorption of rhodium(III) from plating solutions by calcined gibbsite

Gibbsite calcined at 400°C (GB400) was prepared, and its ability to adsorb rhodium(III) was investigated. Optimal pH, effect of contact time, temperature, adsorption isotherms, and recovery percentage were evaluated. The optimal pH was 6.3. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 24 h. The adsorption rate was found to be of pseudo-first order. The experimental data were fitted to both the Freundlich (r = 0.90–0.93) and Langmuir (r = 0.94–0.96) equations. The amount of rhodium(III) adsorbed decreased with increasing temperature. Rhodium(III) being adsorbed from phosphate or sulfate plating solution was recovered using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions at 1, 10, and 100 mmol L^?1.     

Evaluation of sorption-desorption processes for metalaxyl in natural and artificial soils

The main process controlling soil-pesticide interaction is the sorption-desorption as influenced by active soil surfaces. The sorption phenomena can influence translocation, volatility, persistence and bioactivity of a pesticide in soil. The present investigation was conducted on natural and artificial soils in order to enumerate the effect of soil components such as montmorillonite and ferrihydrite on the sorption behaviour of the fungicide metalaxyl and if sorption-desorption of the chiral pesticide affects the enantiomeric ratio. The sorption-desorption characteristics of metalaxyl were investigated by batch equilibration technique in a natural soil, two artificial soils, and in pure montmorillonite and ferrihydrite. After extraction, pesticide residues were analyzed by conventional and chiral chromatography using tandem mass spectrometry. A K_dSorp (2.3–6.5) suggests low level sorption of metalaxyl with an appreciable risk of run-off and leaching. Thus, metalaxyl poses a threat to surface and ground water contamination. Furthermore, desorption tests revealed a hysteretic effect (H ≤ 0.8) in natural and artificial soils. Significant amount of metalaxyl was found tightly bound to the adsorbents without desorbing readily after desorption cycle. Desorption of 22–56% of the total amount of the retained metalaxyl was determined. This study reveals that an artificial soil derived from different soil constituents can be used to assess their influence on sorption/desorption processes. The present investigation showed that both montmorillonite and ferrihydrite play a significant role in the sorption of metalaxyl. The sorption doesn't influence the enantiomeric ratio of racemic metalaxyl.     

气相色谱法测定气体中的二溴甲烷

建立了一种简便快速测定空气中二溴甲烷的方法，即空气中的二溴甲烷经Tenax管吸附，TJ-618热解析仪解析，电子捕获检测器检测，该法线性关系良好，其精密度及回收率均符合方法学要求，方法结果简单、快速、准确、可靠。     

Speciation and quantification of vapor phases in soy biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel

This study characterizes the compositions of two biodiesel vapors, soy biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel, to provide a comprehensive understanding of biodiesels. Vapor phases were sampled by purging oil vapors through thermal desorption tubes which were then analyzed by the thermal desorption/GC/MS system. The results show that the compounds of biodiesel vapors can be divided into four groups. They include methyl esters (the main biodiesel components), oxygenated chemicals, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics. The first two chemical groups are only found in biodiesel vapors, not in the diesel vapor emissions. The percentages of mean concentrations for methyl esters, oxygenated chemicals, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics are 66.1%, 22.8%, 4.8% and 6.4%, respectively for soy biodiesel, and 35.8%, 35.9%, 27.9% and 0.3%, respectively for waste cooking oil biodiesel at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C. These results show that biodiesels have fewer chemicals and lower concentrations in vapor phase than petroleum diesel, and the total emission rates are between one-sixteenth and one-sixth of that of diesel emission, corresponding to fuel evaporative emissions of loading losses of between 106 μg l⁻¹ and 283 μg l⁻¹. Although diesels generate more vapor phase emissions, biodiesels still generate considerable amount of vapor emissions, particularly the emissions from methyl esters and oxygenated chemicals. These two chemical groups are more reactive than alkanes and aromatics. Therefore, speciation and quantification of biodiesel vapor phases are important.     

苯乙烯系双腈胺螯合树脂对水相中As(Ⅴ)的吸附性能研究

将PS-DCDA树脂用于水相中As(Ⅴ)的吸附净化处理,探讨了溶液的pH值、初始As(Ⅴ)质量浓度、接触时间、温度、NaCl、竞争性阴离子等因素对吸附性能的影响,并研究了其对As(Ⅴ)的吸附等温线、动力学和热力学。结果表明,NaCl和竞争性阴离子(Cl-、SO24-、CO23-、NO3-、HPO24-等)明显地抑制了PS-DCDA树脂对As(Ⅴ)的吸附。PS-DCDA树脂对As(Ⅴ)的吸附符合Langmuir等温式,准二级吸附动力学方程能够很好地描述As(Ⅴ)在树脂上的吸附动力学行为。粒子内扩散方程表明,表面吸附和内部扩散参与到As(Ⅴ)的吸附过程当中。PS-DCDA树脂对As(Ⅴ)的热力学参数表明,PS-DCDA树脂对As(Ⅴ)的吸附是自发的、吸热的过程。已吸附As(Ⅴ)的PS-DCDA树脂可以用0.1 mol/L NaOH有效解吸,解吸后的树脂对As(Ⅴ)仍具有较高的吸附量。     

微波间断加载作用下煤中瓦斯解吸响应特征实验研究

为揭示煤中瓦斯解吸过程中加载微波作用对解吸特性的影响,分析探讨了微波辐射促进煤层瓦斯解吸的基本原理,研制了微波作用下煤中瓦斯解吸实验装置,对微波间断加载作用及无微波作用条件下煤中瓦斯解吸特性进行了对比实验研究。实验表明:微波作用对煤中瓦斯解吸具有明显的促进作用,微波作用时间越长,解吸量越大,解吸率越高。在微波作用40 s条件下,微波间断加载作用使得煤样瓦斯解吸量增加290%,解吸率达到87%,解吸速度最大提高率为1 020%。     

新生态MnO2对水中As(Ⅴ)的吸附作用研究

新生态MnO2是一种高效吸附材料,用MnSO4和KMnO4反应制备了该吸附剂,并表征了其基本性质.新生态MnO2对As(Ⅴ)具有很高的吸附去除率和较快的吸附速度,吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速度方程; 吸附pH曲线呈"∽"形,pH=6.5时出现一个吸附峰值; pH=5.5时,As(Ⅴ)的吸附等温线符合Langmuir型; pH=6.5时符合Freundlich型; 稀NaOH溶液是As(Ⅴ)的有效解吸液,1 mol/L NaOH溶液浸泡1h后,As(Ⅴ)的解吸率可达82.7%.