聚丙烯酸-聚偏氟乙烯共混膜对Cu^2＋吸附特性的研究

应用热诱导聚合和相转移技术,制备了具有离子交换性能的聚丙烯酸-聚偏氟乙烯（PAA—PVDF）共混膜,采用XPS和SEM表征了PAA—PVDF共混膜的结构和组成,分析了PAA—PVDF共混膜对水溶液中Cu^2＋的吸附性能,研究了共混膜对Cu^2＋的吸附热力学和吸附动力学．结果表明,动力学吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附过程符合Langmuir模型．吸附过程的平均吸附能为8—16kJ／mol,表明该吸附过程为离子交换反应．热力学参数△G^0〈0、△H^0〉0、△S^0〉0,证实了吸附过程为自发的吸热过程。PAA—PVDF共混膜经吸附／脱附4次循环后,对废水中Cu^2＋的吸附量大于0．025mg／cm^2,脱附率超过95％。PAA—PVDF共混膜具有优良的吸附／脱附性能,良好的稳定性和潜在的应用前号。     

有机肥及其施用方法对红壤磷吸附和解吸特征的影响

利用有机肥大田定位试验，研究有机肥及其施用方法对水旱轮作的红壤磷吸附和解吸特征的影响．结果表明，施用有机肥料后土壤对磷的吸附量减少．吸附结合能常数Ｋ值下降，土壤对磷的亲和力减小．有机肥集中施于冬作的处理其吸附量小于分两季施用的处理．与吸附相反，吸附量大的处理其解吸量小，施用有机肥后，磷解吸量增加．有机肥集中施用的处理其解吸量高于分两季施用的处理．有机肥对低平衡浓度下的磷的解吸影响最大，即有机肥能促进高能吸附阶段的磷的解吸，由于这一阶段吸附的磷通常是很难解吸的，因此这对提高磷的有效性有极其重要的意义．     

离子交换分子筛对NO吸附的研究

在２７３Ｋ条件下，考察了不同阳离子交换的ＺＳＭ－５型和Ｙ型两种分子筛对ＮＯ的吸附性能，得出了在２７３Ｋ时的可逆及不可逆吸附量，并对不可逆吸附的ＮＯ进行了程序升温脱附研究；对样品吸附ＮＯ的本质进行了讨论。     

微波解吸柠檬酸盐溶液中SO2实验研究

结合微波具有的热效应、非热效应特性,利用经改装的微波反应装置,研究了微波场下柠檬酸浓度、微波作用时间、微波功率、SO2初始浓度和搅拌速率对解吸柠檬酸盐溶液中SO2的影响,得出了影响SO2解吸率的基本规律和最佳解吸条件,并进行了分析.     

土壤中锌的化学平衡

本文详细综述了锌的化学特性，环境背景值及来源和循环，土壤中锌的三大化学平衡：沉淀溶解平衡，络合解离平衡，吸附解吸平衡。     

Nonideal transport of reactive contaminants in heterogeneous porous media: 7. distributed-domain model incorporating immiscible-liquid dissolution and rate-limited sorption/desorption

The purpose of this work is to present a distributed-domain mathematical model incorporating the primary mass-transfer processes that mediate the transport of immiscible organic liquid constituents in water-saturated, locally heterogeneous porous media. Specifically, the impact of grain/pore-scale heterogeneity on immiscible-liquid dissolution and sorption/desorption is represented in the model by describing the system as comprising a continuous distribution of mass-transfer domains. With this conceptualization, the distributions of the initial dissolution rate coefficient and the sorption/desorption rate coefficient are represented as probability density functions. Several sets of numerical experiments are conducted to examine the effects of heterogeneous dissolution and sorption/desorption on contaminant transport and elution. Four scenarios with different combinations of uniform/heterogeneous rate-limited dissolution and uniform/heterogeneous rate-limited sorption/desorption are evaluated. The results show that both heterogeneous rate-limited sorption/desorption and heterogeneous rate-limited dissolution can significantly increase the time or pore volumes required to elute immiscible-liquid constituents from a contaminated porous medium. However, sorption/desorption has minimal influence on elution behavior until essentially all of the immiscible liquid has been removed. For typical immiscible-liquid constituents that have relatively low sorption, the asymptotic elution tailing produced by heterogeneous rate-limited sorption/desorption begins at effluent concentrations that are several orders of magnitude below the initial steady-state concentrations associated with dissolution of the immiscible liquid. Conversely, the enhanced elution tailing associated with heterogeneous rate-limited dissolution begins at concentrations that are approximately one-tenth of the initial steady-state concentrations. Hence, dissolution may generally control elution behavior of immiscible-liquid constituents in cases wherein grain/pore-scale heterogeneity significantly influences both dissolution and sorption/desorption.     

顶空便携气相色谱测定水中苯系物

研究了分配常数、气液相比、温度和无机盐等对顶空分析灵敏度的影响.结果表明,这些参数对不同组分顶空灵敏度的影响有显著差异.气液相比对分配常数小的组分影响大,而温度和无机盐对分配常数大的组分影响大.提出了静态顶空/吸附热解吸/SENTEX便携气相色谱仪/微氩离子检测器测定水中4个苯系物的方法,平均相对标准偏差7.38%,平均相对误差3.46%,与标准方法比较,没有显著差异,而方法检出限低于标准方法1～2数量级.     

混合溶剂解吸土壤中多环芳烃的研究

对比了水溶性有机溶剂乙醇、正丙醇、丙酮、已戊醇和水对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的解吸效果,结果综合实验效果、安全性和经济等因素,主要采用了乙醇和戊醇作为混合试剂的主要成分。对比了乙醇、戊醇和水不同配比的混合试剂对土壤的解吸效果,最终选用混合试剂(5%戊醇+20%水+75%乙醇)研究污染土壤中PAHs的解吸行为,分别进行了解吸动力实验、分阶段解吸实验和pH值影响实验。结果表明,土壤中PAHs的解吸是一个快速反应,5h基本达到解吸平衡,高环物质(4～6环PAHs)比低环物质(2～3环PAHs)的解吸速率慢。分步解吸率表明,随着环数的增加,第一步解吸率逐渐降低,第二、三步的解吸率则逐渐增大,第二、三步的解吸作用对高环PAHs更为明显。pH值对混合溶剂解吸土壤中PAHs有显著影响,pH值在5 5～7之间时,对土壤中PAHs的解吸影响最明显,碱性环境(pH>7)有利于土壤中PAHs的解吸,酸性环境则不利于解吸实验的进行。     

运用热脱附/GC/MS分析研究室内空气中TVOC浓度及种类分布

利用热脱附/GC/MS联用技术定性、定量(半定量)分析了多组有代表性的室内空气样品。结果表明,室内空气挥发性有机气体的主要成分是苯系物、烃类、醛酮类、酯类等;装修后3个月内的家居室内空气中的苯25%超标,甲苯58%超标,二甲苯79%超标,TVOC 100%超标;一年后,仅TVOC还有11%的超标。办公室情况类似。     

Detection of indoor PCB contamination by thermal desorption of dust. A rapid screening method?

Although PCB in caulking materials has been forbidden for many years in most of Europe, including Denmark, there has been continued interest to measure PCB levels in the air of contaminated buildings and blood of the occupants (Mengon and Schlatter 1993, Fromme et al. 1996, Ewers et al. 1998, Currado and Harrad 1998, Gabrio et al. 2000). The relatively low priority for investigations of this contamination is probably due to the small quantities inhaled compared to exposure via food, and the rapid metabolism of the most volatile congeners demonstrated by low concentrations of all congeners in the blood of exposed persons (Ewers et al. 1998, Gabrio et al. 2000). There is, however, evidence that PCB containing caulking materials have been used even during the '90s (Fromme et al. 1996). In Denmark, it is estimated that 75 t PCB is still in buildings (Organization of Sealant Branch's Manufacturers and Distributors 2000). During an investigation of dust from buildings with excessive microbial growth (including 35 rooms from 9 buildings), the analysis of semivolatile compounds by thermal desorption-GC/MS of samples from a single building surprisingly revealed large amounts of PCBs containing 3, 4 and 5 chlorine atoms, 10-20 times the amounts found in samples from other buildings. Extraction of the dust by SFE followed by GC/ECD analysis for 12 PCB congeners showed that there was approximately 20 times the total PCB concentrations in dust from the polluted building compared to the levels in the other buildings. Subsequent headspace analysis of caulking material from the polluted building revealed this to be the source. Shelf dust functions as a passive sampling medium and, thus, can be used as a screening method to detect PCB and other semivolatile pollution indoors.