西辽河流域不同土地利用结构沙土磷解吸特征

采用小型回填式土柱淋溶试验方法,研究了西辽河流域沙土的磷解吸特征.结果表明,西辽河流域沙土的磷解吸特征符合Freundlich和Langmuir解吸等温式;沙土磷的解吸比率(D_r)在0.32～0.98之间,平均值为0.70;最大解吸量(D_m)与饱和吸附量(Г_m)呈极显著正相关;沙土对磷的吸附方式以物理吸附为主,解吸可逆性较强.被吸附的磷在环境中较易发生淋失,仍然存在一定的环境风险.土壤中w(有机质)和w(团聚体)对磷的固持能力有较大影响;不同土地利用结构磷的D_r排序为农田(0.64)=草地(0.64)＜林地(0.67)＜沙荒地(0.91),农田、草地和林地磷淋失的环境风险较小;沙荒地磷淋失的环境风险最大,D_r与土壤中w(粗黏粒),w(黏粒)和w(有机质)呈极显著负相关.      

Contribution of black carbon to nonlinearity of sorption and desorption of acetochlor on sediment

In order to investigate the contribution of various black carbon (BC) contents to nonlinearity of sorption and desorption isotherms for acetochlor on sediment, equilibrium sorption and desorption isotherms were determined to measure sorption and desorption of acetochlor in sediment amended with various amounts of BC. In this paper, two types of BC referred to as BC400 and BC500 were prepared at 400°C and 500°C, respectively. Higher preparation temperature facilitated the formation of micropores on BC to enhance its sorption capacity. Increase of the BC content obviously increased the sorption amount and reduced the desorption amount for acetochlor. When the BC500 contents in total organic carbon (TOC) increased from 0 to 60%, Freundlich sorption coefficient (K _f) increased from 4.07 to 35.74, and desorption hysteresis became gradually obvious.When the content of BC in TOC was lower than 23%, the sorption isotherm had a significant linear correlation (p = 50.05). In case of desorption, a significant nonlinear change could be observed when the content of BC was up to 13%. Increase of BC content in the sediment would result in shifting the sorption-desorption isotherms from linearity to nonlinearity, which indicated that contribution of BC to nonlinear adsorption fraction became gradually remarkable.     

Adsorption of caesium from aqueous solution using cerium molybdate–pan composite

In this study, a cerium molybdate–polyacrylonitrile (CM–PAN) composite ion exchanger was synthesised and its characteristics were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TGA), specific area measurement (BET), X-ray fluorescence and CHN elemental analyses. The adsorption of caesium from aqueous solutions by CM–PAN composite was investigated under batch and continuous conditions. The distribution coefficient of caesium on the composite sorbent was studied as a function of pH, solution temperature and the presence of interfering cations, and the optimum conditions for a batch system were determined. Pseudo-first- and second-order sorption kinetic models were used to investigate the kinetics of adsorption and the results pointed to the pseudo-second-order model for caesium sorption kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion model was used to the predict rate-limiting step of the ion exchange process in order to specify the sorption mechanism. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models were fitted to the experimental sorption data, where the Freundlich model showed a good agreement. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters, standard enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs’ free energy were calculated and the reaction was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. Finally, the dynamic sorption capacities of the sorbent at two breakthroughs were calculated from the continuous system.     

Long‐term desorption kinetics of Cu2+from biosorbent in water and seawater

A long‐term study of the desorption kinetics of Cu²⁺from biosorbent materials in water and seawater environments was carried out. The biosorbents were un‐treated and pre‐treated biomass of marine alga Durvillaea potatorum.The pre‐treatment of the biomass was carried out with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution followed by thermal treatment. The biosorbents were loaded with Cu²⁺in batch adsorption experiments and the desorption kinetics were measured in water and seawater in static batch desorption experiments for a period over 10 months. The physical and structure characteristics of the biosorbents were also examined under a microscope. The un‐treated biosorbent structure completely broke down in 2 and 1 months in water and seawater environments, respectively. The pre‐treatment procedure applied improved the biosorbent stability and its long term desorption rate was extremely low.     

紊流作用下泥沙释放磷的试验及数值模拟

为研究水体紊动对泥沙释放污染物的影响,引入近似均匀紊流模拟装置,开展不同强度紊动作用下泥沙运动释放磷动态过程及基本规律的试验,研究表明:紊动扩散作用对泥沙解吸释放磷有着十分重要的影响,紊动较弱时,泥沙尚未起动,床面泥沙颗粒吸附的磷元素解吸至孔隙水中,在垂向紊动扩散作用下输送至上覆水中,将使得上覆水中溶解态磷浓度增大;紊动作用较强时,泥沙逐渐悬扬至水体中,悬浮泥沙颗粒吸附的磷元素直接解吸至上覆水中,泥沙浓度越高,溶解态磷含量增长速率越大,达到平衡的时间越短.通过耦合紊流模型、水流泥沙数学模型、污染物对流扩散模型和Langmuir吸附动力学方程建立了紊动作用下泥沙释放磷的垂向一维数学模型,针对试验条件进行数值模拟,模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好,平均相对误差低于10%,可为模拟天然水体中泥沙悬浮释放磷的时空演化提供参考.     

Elucidation of phosphorous sorption by calcareous soils using principal component analysis

This study was conducted to understand the mechanisms governing P-sorption and desorption by calcareous soils (up to 48% CaCO ₃). Batch experiments with KCl as background were carried out by adding varying amount of P up to 100 mgP.L^?1. The desorption percentage (%DES) results show that little P was released from the adsorbed phase. Principal component analysis was applied to evaluate the combined influence of soil components on P sorption. The complex P sorption process can be related to specific soil components by the following equation: P? sorption=?2.20 (CaCO ₃% )?0.04 (Fe? oxide)+0.04 (pHe)+11.02 (sand % )+3.35 (silt)?10.73 (clay)?1.24 (EC)?0.22 (OM)?0.81 (CEC)?1.93 (P? Olsen) (R²=0.9941, SSE=380). Sand% and clay% are the most significant variables for modelling P sorption data. The derived equation could be applied to predict P sorption in other soils that have similar compositions to those investigated herein. The degree of P saturation (DPS) threshold level for all soils was less than 3% except in the soil with the lowest iron oxide. All of the studied soils have exceeded the environmentally unacceptable P concentration except the soil with the lowest iron oxide content.     

工作场所空气中的甲基丙烯酸溶剂解吸气相色谱测定法

为建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸浓度的检测方法,用硅胶管采集工作场所空气中的甲基丙烯酸,用丙酮解吸后进样,经毛细管色谱柱分离,FID检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰高或峰面积定量。实验发现,硅胶管采样效率为100%,丙酮解吸效率为9292%,方法的加标回收率为893%-980%。样品在低温下可保存至少7天。甲基丙烯酸在0-80880μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数09995,方法的检出限为074μg/ml。采样45L,最低检出浓度为016mg/m3。研究表明,该方法操作简便,采样效率、准确度、精密度、解吸效率及样品稳定性均满足职业卫生标准制定指南要求,适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸浓度的测定。     

处理温度和时间对六氯苯污染土壤热解吸修复的影响

以山东潮土作为供试土壤,模拟HCB(六氯苯)污染土壤的热解吸试验研究. 考察处理温度和时间2个主要影响因素对热解吸后土壤中HCB的去除率及其热解产物变化的影响. 结果表明:随处理温度的升高和处理时间的延长,HCB的去除率逐渐增大,在处理温度400 ℃、处理时间10 min时,HCB的去除率达到94.2%;在处理温度450 ℃、处理时间60 min时,HCB 的去除率达到99.4 %,去除效果明显,w(HCB)达到HJ 350—2007《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》的A级标准限值(≤0.66 mg/kg);继续升高处理温度和延长处理时间对HCB的去除率改变不大. HCB的热解吸过程不仅是HCB的物理分离过程,也存在HCB的还原脱氯过程,HCB的热解产物主要为1,3,5-TCB(1,3,5-三氯苯)和1,2,4-TCB(1,2,4-三氯苯);处理温度450 ℃、处理时间60 min为该污染土壤较为合适的热解吸运行参数.      

水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的预富集

首次采用国产新型Ｄ４０２０大孔吸附树脂吸附水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,结果表明,Ｄ４０２０树脂具有吸附速度快,吸附容量大,省时,费用低,操作简便等优点,用自制的下班富集柱研究了各因素对吸附率及洗脱率的影响,柱长,流速,ＰＨ值及洗脱速率影响显著。     

沉积物和土壤中磷的生物有效性评估新方法

利用自制的氧化铁/醋酸纤维素复合膜(FeO/CAM)发展了一种沉积物和土壤磷的生物有效性评估的新方法. 结果表明:从沉积物和土壤中解吸的生物有效磷(FeO-P)含量随时间增加而增加,至16～20h左右,解吸过程接近平衡;随着土/水比增大而减小,至20～30g/L左右逐渐趋于平缓,且相对标准偏差较小;膜面积为20～30cm²时FeO-P含量差别较小,且相对标准偏差也较小;适当提高振荡频率(一般200r/min左右),有利于促进FeO-P的提取动力学过程.在用于评估水体沉积物和土壤解吸磷的生物有效性方面,FeO/CAM膜克服了氧化铁浸渍滤纸的缺点,易于商品化,具有更好的应用前景.