强碱性阴离子交换树脂对苦味酸的吸附与解吸性能

研究了强碱性阴离子交换树脂(简称树脂)对苦味酸的吸附与解吸性能,探讨了吸附的热力学和动力学特性以及吸附机理.实验结果表明:树脂对苦味酸的吸附量随吸附温度升高而增大;溶液pH为2.7 ～12.0时树脂的苦味酸吸附量最大,稳定在120 mg/g以上;树脂对苦味酸的等温吸附规律符合Freundlich模型,相关系数大于0.9...     

流化床微波解吸载甲苯活性炭研究

利用微波作为加热手段,采用椰壳基颗粒活性炭(GAC)为吸附剂,经吸附甲苯达饱和后进行流化床微波解吸实验.结果表明:(1)前4 min,轻微流化状态下的甲苯浓度总体小于中等流化状态;4 min后,轻微流化状态下的甲苯浓度逐渐大于中等流化状态.轻微流化状态下的甲苯解吸效果不理想,与中等流化状态有很大差距.流化床微波解吸适宜...     

Geochemical Associations of Sellafield-Derived Radionuclides in Saltmarsh Deposits of the Solway Firth

This paper describes a study of the geochemical associations of Sellafield waste radionuclides in saltmarsh sediments from south-west s]Scotland. The contaminant radionuclides are transported to this environment in association with particulate material and ¹³⁷Cs was found to be predominantly (80-98%) non-extractable. In the case of ^239+240Pu there was a redistribution from the oxalate extractable oxide fraction to the pyrophosphate extractable organic fraction as a consequence of on-shore transfer of contaminated sediment. The relatively aggressive nature of the chemical extractants required to remove the radionuclides from the sediments suggests that they were in a form which was unlikely to result in their being released into the aquatic environment or taken up by plants. Plutonium had a greater potential mobility or bioavailability than Cs. Values of K^D for the desorption of ¹³⁷Cs from the sediment by freshwater, groundwater and seawater were all approximately 10⁵ L kg^-1, confirming its immobility in this environment. The desorption K_D values for stable ¹³³Cs were all approximately 10⁶ L kg^-1, so the stable Cs did not have a significant influence on the radiocaesium in this sediment.     

天然土壤中菲的解吸行为特征研究

选取天然土壤样品,以菲作为代表性污染物,利用批量吸附-解吸实验考察不同初始浓度、不同吸附时间条件下菲解吸行为的滞后性特征.实验数据采用Freundlich方程式拟合,并由基于热力学的TII指数表征.结果表明,天然土壤吸持菲的比例随其初始浓度的增加而减少.在土壤多次解吸过程中,每次释放菲的比例随其初始浓度的升高而增加,随解吸次数的增加而减少.吸附过程的拟合指数n大于解吸过程的对应值,并随初始固相浓度的加大而增加.天然土壤吸附-解吸过程的滞后性特征表现为初始固相浓度越高,TII值越接近0,滞后性越弱;反之,则TII值越接近1,滞后性越强.另外,吸附平衡时间30 d对应的n值小于5 d的,而两者的TII值随初始浓度增高则呈现降低趋势.就同一浓度而言,吸附平衡30 d所对应的TII值高于5 d的.     

表面活性剂Tween80及DOM对土壤中菲、芘解吸的影响

采用室内序批试验研究了水溶性有机物（DOM）及表面活性剂Tween80对污染土壤中菲、芘解吸行为的影响.结果表明,DOM能够增加土壤中菲、芘的解吸率,且猪粪堆肥的DOM作用效果较好;随着体系中Tween80浓度的增加,土壤中菲、芘的解吸率也明显地增加,当Tween80浓度为150 mg·L^-1时,菲、芘的解吸率分别是对照的1.7倍（菲）和6.2倍（芘）;DOM与Tween80联合作用时受Tween80浓度的影响,低浓度时联合作用效果不明显,当Tween80为150 mg·L^-1时,菲、芘的解吸率显著增加且大于两者单独作用的结果之和.试验结果还表明,同等条件下高相对分子质量DOM组分（>25000）对土壤中菲、芘的解吸作用大于低相对分子质量DOM组分（<1 000）.     

沉积物和土壤中磷的生物有效性评估新方法

利用自制的氧化铁/醋酸纤维素复合膜(FeO/CAM)发展了一种沉积物和土壤磷的生物有效性评估的新方法. 结果表明:从沉积物和土壤中解吸的生物有效磷(FeO-P)含量随时间增加而增加,至16～20h左右,解吸过程接近平衡;随着土/水比增大而减小,至20～30g/L左右逐渐趋于平缓,且相对标准偏差较小;膜面积为20～30cm²时FeO-P含量差别较小,且相对标准偏差也较小;适当提高振荡频率(一般200r/min左右),有利于促进FeO-P的提取动力学过程.在用于评估水体沉积物和土壤解吸磷的生物有效性方面,FeO/CAM膜克服了氧化铁浸渍滤纸的缺点,易于商品化,具有更好的应用前景.     

Phenol removal from aqueous environments by natural & chemically modified kaolin clay

Natural, acid and base modified kaolin clays were studied for the sake of phenol and 4-chlorophenol removal from aqueous environments and their application to real ground and industrial wastewater samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Surface area analysis were employed for characterization of the adsorbents microstructure. Operating factors such as adsorbent dose, solution pH, initial phenol concentration, and contact time were studied. The experimental data displayed that the increase of the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH value from 2 to 7 increases the efficiency of the removal process. Optimal conditions for phenolic removal were; contact time of 300 min, primary phenol solution of 25 mg/L, pH 7 and 2.5 g/L as an appropriate adsorbent dose using crude (natural), acid modified and base modified kaolin clays. The higher phenolic removal efficiencies were obtained at 5 mg/L as 90, 97, 96.2%, respectively, for the adsorbents in the previously mentioned order. The adsorption capacity in the removal of phenol and 4-chlorophenol were 7.481 and 4.195, 8.2942 and 3.211, and 8.05185 and 18.565 mg/g, respectively, for the adsorbents in the same mentioned order. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted and analyzed with four isotherm models, namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm equations. The adsorption process of phenol on studied adsorbents was exothermic, spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable proved by the negative values of their thermodynamic parameters ΔH° and ΔG°. The correlation coefficient (R²) for all concentrations was higher than 0.94, which indicates that in the studied system, the data suitably fit the first-order kinetics. The % desorption capacity was amounted to 96%, 91.11%, and 87.06% of adsorbed phenol, respectively, for the adsorbents in the previous order using 0.1N NaOH and 10% V/V ethanol solutions as eluents at 25°C, indicating the reusability of the adsorbents. Kaolin and its modified forms can be introduced as eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbents in water remediation implementation.     

太湖竺山湾污染底泥环保疏浚深度的推算

根据颜色、气味、粒径、黏稠度等理化指标,将太湖竺山湾柱状底泥样品由上至下依次分为氧化层(A)、污染层(B)、污染过渡上层(C1)、污染过渡下层(C2)和健康层(D).通过对底泥中氨氮、总磷、总氮和烧失量垂直分布规律的分析,结合柱状底泥各分层氮、磷吸附/解吸实验,推算出竺山湾污染底泥环保疏浚层及其深度.结果表明,底泥中氨氮、总磷、总氮和烧失量含量随深度的增加呈下降趋势.A层和B层中污染物含量明显高于其他层;无机磷吸附/解吸平衡浓度随深度的增加而下降,在C1层与C2层间出现拐点;而氨氮的吸附/解吸平衡浓度变化趋势较复杂.结合上覆水中无机磷与氨氮浓度,推算出竺山湾底泥环保疏浚层次为C1层,疏浚平均深度为0.40~0.70m.     

西辽河流域不同土地利用结构沙土磷解吸特征

采用小型回填式土柱淋溶试验方法,研究了西辽河流域沙土的磷解吸特征.结果表明,西辽河流域沙土的磷解吸特征符合Freundlich和Langmuir解吸等温式;沙土磷的解吸比率(D_r)在0.32～0.98之间,平均值为0.70;最大解吸量(D_m)与饱和吸附量(Г_m)呈极显著正相关;沙土对磷的吸附方式以物理吸附为主,解吸可逆性较强.被吸附的磷在环境中较易发生淋失,仍然存在一定的环境风险.土壤中w(有机质)和w(团聚体)对磷的固持能力有较大影响;不同土地利用结构磷的D_r排序为农田(0.64)=草地(0.64)＜林地(0.67)＜沙荒地(0.91),农田、草地和林地磷淋失的环境风险较小;沙荒地磷淋失的环境风险最大,D_r与土壤中w(粗黏粒),w(黏粒)和w(有机质)呈极显著负相关.      

工作场所空气中的甲基丙烯酸溶剂解吸气相色谱测定法

为建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸浓度的检测方法,用硅胶管采集工作场所空气中的甲基丙烯酸,用丙酮解吸后进样,经毛细管色谱柱分离,FID检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰高或峰面积定量。实验发现,硅胶管采样效率为100%,丙酮解吸效率为9292%,方法的加标回收率为893%-980%。样品在低温下可保存至少7天。甲基丙烯酸在0-80880μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数09995,方法的检出限为074μg/ml。采样45L,最低检出浓度为016mg/m3。研究表明,该方法操作简便,采样效率、准确度、精密度、解吸效率及样品稳定性均满足职业卫生标准制定指南要求,适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸浓度的测定。