改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附和解吸

分别用长碳链季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵（HDTMAB）、短碳链季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂四甲铵化溴（TMAB）及非离子型表面活性剂聚乙二醇（PEG）对天然膨润土进行改性。比较了不同类型改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附性能,探讨了吸附机理。实验结果表明,天然膨润土及改性膨润土对水中蒽的吸附能力依次为HDTMAB改性膨润土〉PEG改性膨润土〉TMAB改性膨润土〉天然膨润土;吸附等温线均是直线,说明该吸附行为是分配作用的结果。不同蒽初始质量浓度下,各种改性膨润土对蒽的吸附量由大至小的顺序为HDTMAB改性膨润土〉PEG改性膨润土〉TMAB改性膨润土,而天然膨润土对蒽的吸附量随蒽初始质量浓度的变化很小。改性膨润土加入量为30～80g/L时,各种改性膨润土对水中蒽的去除率均可达到90％以上,且解吸率均在5％以下。     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

Adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ） on rice straw char from acidic aqueous solutions

研究了稻草炭对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附特征,探讨了Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附机制.结果表明,稻草炭对Cu（Ⅱ）有很高的吸附容量,Langmuir方程能很好地拟合Cu（Ⅱ）吸附等温线,因此可以描述稻草炭对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附,其预测的Cu（Ⅱ）在pH 4.5和pH 5.0时的最大吸附量分别为0.628 mol.kg-1和0.763 mol.kg-1.稻草炭对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附量随体系pH升高而增加,但吸附Cu（Ⅱ）的解吸率呈相反的变化趋势.当吸附体系pH≤4.5时,Cu（Ⅱ）解吸率大于55%,说明此时以静电吸附为主;在较高pH条件下Cu（Ⅱ）以非静电吸附机制为主.红外光谱的分析结果表明,稻草炭表面有丰富的—COOH和—OH等含氧官能团,Cu2＋与含氧官能团形成有机络合物导致—COOH吸附峰位移.Cu（Ⅱ）吸附使稻草炭颗粒的Zeta电位向正值方向位移.结果说明Cu（Ⅱ）在稻草炭表面发生了专性吸附.     

Rate-Limited Desorption of Volatile Organic Compounds from Soils and Implications for the Remediation of a Louisiana Superfund Site

The rates of desorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,3-dichlorobenzene (DCB) from a silty soil at a Superfund site and a silty-clayey soil from an uncontaminated bottomland hardwoodswamp in Baton Rouge, Louisiana were studied in laboratory batchsystems. The effect of the age of soil contamination was studiedusing a laboratory-spiked soil incubated for 3 days, 3 months and5 months. An empirical non-linear model was used to describe thebi-phasic nature of desorption with one fraction (labile) beingreleased in relatively short periods of time (typically 24–100 hr) and a second fraction (non-labile or irreversible) beingresistant to desorption. The non-linear model parameters, viz.,the fraction of the chemical released rapidly (F), and the firstorder desorption rate coefficients, k ₁ and k ₂respectively for the labile and slowly released fractions weredetermined by fitting the experimental data to the model. Thedata fit the model well as indicated by the high r ² values.The estimate of k ₁ was good. However, the values of k ₂are known with less precision due to the limited duration of theexperiment and number of samples taken at long times. In addition, desorption kinetics of 3 and 5-month old contaminatedsoils showed that progressively less amount of contaminant was available for facile desorption (lower F) compared to freshly contaminated soil. The labile fraction had desorption rate constants of the order of 10^-1 h^-1, whereas the slowlyreleased fraction had rate constants of the order of 10^-4 h^-1 in accord with literature reported values for a varietyof other compounds and soils. Possible mechanisms describing these rates and implications for the site clean up are discussed.     

Respiratory Suspended Particulate (RSP) Concentration and its Implications to Roadside Workers: A Case Study of Hong Kong

The adsorption behaviour of Diphenylamine (DPAM), napthylamine ( NAM), napthylamine ( NAM)and aniline on pyrolusite and activated carbon has been studied.Pyrolusite shows remarkable sorption capacity for DPAM and NAM as compared to aniline; (the adsorption followed theorder:Activated Carbon: DPAM = NAM > AnilinePyrolusite: DPAM: NAM > NAM> Aniline)The maximum adsorption of NAM occurred in theconcentration range 4–20 g mL^-1 on pyrolusite (95%)and 4–50 g mL^-1 on activated carbon (100%). Theeffect of various doses of activated carbon on the adsorption of NAM confirm Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms where asFreundlich isotherm is obeyed by pyrolusite. The adsorption of NAM on both the absorbents is not affected in presence ofDPAM over a wide range of their initial concentrations (20–60g mL^-1). The desorption studies of NAM onpyrolusite was carried out by batch as well as column processes.Excellent results were obtained when a mixture of n-hexane andisopropanol (91:1) was used as eluent.     

Partition Constants and Adsorption/Desorption Hysteresis for Volatile Organic Compounds on Soil from a Louisiana Superfund Site

The adsorption of four volatile organic compounds (1,4-dichloro-benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2,2-trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2,-tetrachloroethane) on three soil types from a Superfund site (Petroprocessors Inc) in Baton Rouge, LA was studied with the purpose of obtaining an overall correlation for inclusion in a groundwater transport model being developed for site remediation. The soil-water partition constant, K_d was determined using a standard ASTM procedure (E–1195–87). Using the data for different soil types (fraction organic carbon between 0.11% and 1.13%) and different mineral surface areas (7 to 45 m²/g), the organic carbon contribution (K_oc) and the mineral matter contribution (K_min) to the partition constant were determined. The soils obtained were either from the Pleistocene period or recent shallow deposits at the site. Both log K_oc and log K_min were linearly correlated to log K_ow, the octanol-water partition constant. This data provided the basis for obtaining a general correlation for K_d on different soil types at the site. The predicted values were in agreement with that for a composite soil from the same site. The desorption of compounds from the high clay soil after the 24 hour adsorption period was observed to show a biphasic behavior, namely, an easily desorbed fraction and a desorption resistant fraction. The easily desorbed fraction was found to be satisfactorily predicted using the conventional K_d as obtained from the adsorption experiment. The slowly desorbing fraction had a time constant of several weeks. The concentration in the desorption resistant compartment was found to be dependant on the initial amount of contaminant available for adsorption. The aqueous phase concentration in equilibrium with the desorption resistant fraction was found to be 8 g/L for dichlorobenzene and 12 g/L for dichloroethane.     

用于气相色谱分析的样品导入技术及其应用

综述了几种用于气相色谱分析的绿色环保型样品导入技术,如静态顶空技术、吹扫捕集技术、固相微萃取技术和热脱附技术的原理及应用情况,并对这几种方法进行了比较。     

Cu2+存在下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶吸附解吸的影响

为探究重金属与抗生素共存时不同条件下土壤有机组分对抗生素吸附解吸的影响,通过批量静态吸附试验方法,研究了不同污染物浓度、初始pH、离子强度及阳离子类型下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶（sulfadiazine）和重金属Cu共存时吸附解吸行为及其交互作用,并做了显著性差异分析;采用Freundlich、Langmuir等温吸附模型和线性等温吸附模型对试验数据进行拟合,对吸附前后的样品进行红外光谱扫描分析.结果表明:①不同w（Cu2+）对腐殖酸吸附磺胺嘧啶的状况不同,当w（Cu2+）为1、10、100 mg/kg时,Cu2+的存在起促进吸附的作用;当w（Cu2+）为300 mg/kg时,Cu2+的存在起抑制吸附的作用;随着初始pH的增大,吸附量变化不明显,但略有减小;高离子强度促进吸附,低离子强度抑制吸附;高价态阳离子的存在抑制腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附.②显著性差异分析显示,P均小于0.05,说明w（Cu2+）、pH、离子强度及阳离子类型对吸附量均有显著影响.③运用Freundlich、Langmuir等温吸附模型和线性等温吸附模型对不同条件下的吸附特征进行拟合,其拟合效果均较好,R2均大于0.952,其中线性等温吸附模型拟合效果最好;HI（滞后系数）在0.995~1.120之间,接近于1,表明腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附解吸过程中不存在滞后现象.△G（吉布斯自由能变化量）在18.921~20.412 kJ/mol之间,均小于40 kJ/mol,属于物理吸附.④红外光谱分析表明,腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附机制主要是形成氢键或发生络合反应.研究显示,不同条件下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶吸附解吸的影响不同,w（Cu2+）、初始pH、离子强度及阳离子类型的改变,均会导致腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附情况有所差异.      

PCB138在两种土壤及其有机质组分中解吸特征研究

为探讨多氯联苯在污染土壤中的解吸特性,选用南北方两种典型土壤,红壤和黑土为研究介质,以六氯联苯PCB138为目标污染物,探讨PCB138在红壤和黑土原土,以及从两种土壤中提取出的有机质组分胡敏酸和胡敏素中的解吸行为,并探讨土壤理化性质与解吸速率和解吸量之间的关系。实验结果表明,PCB138在两种土壤及其有机质组分中的解吸在360 min时达到动态平衡。准一级、准二级、叶洛维奇和内扩散模型四种动力学模型拟合结果显示,准二级动力学方程R²值为0.911~0.998,拟合效果最好。PCB138在黑土中的解吸速率和解吸量要略大于红壤中的相应数值。Freundlich、Langmuir和D-R等温模型拟合结果显示,Freundlich模型能更好的描述PCB138在土壤及其有机质组分中的解吸过程,有机碳归一化分配系数K_oc值由大到小依次为胡敏素>原土>胡敏酸。当温度由25℃升高到45℃时,PCB138在土壤及其组分中的解吸量随之减小。热力学数据计算结果显示ΔG^°>0,ΔH^°和ΔS^°值均小于0,说明PCB138在两种土壤及其组分中的解吸是非自发的放热反应,同时在解吸过程中固液界面的无序性和体系混乱度减小。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,PCB138在土壤中的解吸速率、解吸量与其组分中有机质质量分数和比表面积相关性不显著。     

微波辐照法再生载硫活性炭的研究

用活性炭对低浓度SO2气体进行物理吸附，饱和后用微波辐照解吸。结果显示，载硫活性炭在微波场中升温很快，210s能达到温度最大值；吸附在活性炭上的S02气体在570s以后基本解吸完全；解吸产物SO2气体的体积分数最高可达25％以上；微波功率和载气量对再生后活性炭的质量损耗影响较大，在微波功率为300w和载气量为0．06m^3／h条件下，活性炭的质量损耗约为6．21％。