基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤中As的人体可给性研究

基于我国人群胃肠消化特征,采用医学配方模拟胃肠消化方法测试了来自大连、湖南和广西的13个受重金属污染土壤中As的人体可给性,分析了土壤理化参数与可给性的相关关系及提取液中酶、胃肠液pH值、提取时间对As的人体可给性的影响.结果表明,医学配方可给性测试中,供试土样在胃、肠阶段As的人体可给性分别为5.03%~44.54%和10.77%~51.46%,平均值为18.08%、29.32%.胃阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中总As含量w（TAs）、总P含量w（TP）极显著正相关,与总Al含量w（TAl）、土壤pH值、总有机质含量w（TOM）显著相关;肠阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中w（TAs）、胃阶段As的可给性浓度、w（TP）极显著相关,与土壤pH值、w（TAl）和w（TOM）显著相关.胃阶段提取液中的胃蛋白酶显著降低了As的可给性,而肠阶段添加胰蛋白酶As的可给性没有明显变化.胃、肠阶段分别在pH值为0.9和5.0时可给性最大,0.9和5.0可分别作为土壤As在可给性测试过程中模拟胃肠液的pH值.胃、肠阶段在提取时间分别为1.0h、4.0h时可给性达到最大,且之后基本不变,1.0h、4.0h可作为模拟测试As在胃肠中可给性的提取时间.研究结果表明开展基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤重金属人体可给性测试方法具有重要意义.     

信号分子在好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中的作用

采用人工配水成功培养好氧颗粒污泥,针对絮状污泥颗粒化过程中污泥的理化性质、污染物去除效率、胞外聚合物和信号分子变化进行相关分析.结果发现,在好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程中,污泥对污染物去除能力明显提高.与接种污泥相比,成熟的好氧颗粒污泥对COD、NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P去除率分别提高20%、36%和57%.好氧颗粒污泥中胞外蛋白质和多糖含量分别增加了116和31mg/gMLVSS.采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对接种污泥和好氧颗粒污泥进行空间表征,发现后者蛋白质含量明显增加,说明蛋白质在污泥颗粒化过程中具有重要作用;磷酸二酯酶活性总体呈现上升趋势,第二信使环二鸟苷酸（cyclic diguanylic,c-di-GMP）含量先增加后降低,与胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖的变化规律相似.通过SPSS软件进一步分析得知,c-di-GMP与蛋白质相关系数R²=0.92871,呈极显著相关性;与紧密结合型胞外聚合物中蛋白质相关系数R²=0.89025,呈显著相关性,推测c-di-GMP可能是通过指导紧密结合型胞外聚合物中的蛋白质合成以促进好氧颗粒污泥的形成.     

c-di-GMP在低温好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中的作用

在低温条件下运行好氧颗粒污泥反应器,絮状污泥颗粒化过程中信号分子可通过传导作用引起各层物质之间的组分变化,通过研究胞外聚合物及污泥相关疏水性的变化规律,并观察此过程中微生物菌群的群落演替特点,揭示环二鸟苷酸（c-di-GMP）在低温好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中的变化规律与影响作用.结果表明：接种污泥在颗粒化过程中,胞外聚合物含量从48mg/gMLVSS增长至139mg/gMLVSS,其中以TB层蛋白质增长为主,在颗粒化过程中,c-di-GMP含量由62μg/gMLVSS增至600μg/gMLVSS,始终影响微生物运动及生物膜形成,促使具备胞外聚合物分泌功能的菌群加快分泌胞外聚合物,促进好氧颗粒污泥的形成.各个阶段污泥中微生物种群存在较大差异,在反应器运行初始阶段与c-di-GMP合成相关的菌群占据优势,同时在后期表现出较好的脱氮除磷能力,在低温条件下好氧颗粒污泥微生物菌群发生演替并最终形成稳定的菌群结构.     

碳源对O/A-F/F模式积累内源聚合物及反硝化的影响

好氧/缺氧-盛宴/饥饿(O/A-F/F)选择模式能够在好氧段实现活性污泥积累内源聚合物的同时在缺氧段原位利用内源聚合物驱动反硝化.为了深入探究不同的碳源类型对O/A-F/F模式下内源聚合物积累和内源反硝化的影响,实验以乙酸和葡萄糖为主要碳源探究内源聚合物积累和内源反硝化特性以及富集的活性污泥菌群的结构和功能.结果表明,在O/A-F/F选择模式下,当进水化学需氧量(COD)为500 mg·L~(-1)左右时,以乙酸为主要碳源系统(Ac-SBR)和以葡萄糖为主要碳源的系统(Gc-SBR)均能实现40 mg·L~(-1)的硝酸盐氮的内源去除,且各系统均实现了部分短程反硝化.但Ac-SBR实现了更高的亚硝酸盐的积累.乙酸有利于内源聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)积累并驱动内源反硝化过程,PHA产率为0.52,平均反硝化速率(DNR)为9.65 mg·(L·h)-1.Gc-SBR系统能够实现PHA和糖原(Gly)的同时积累,但Gly产率高于PHA产率,分别为0.36和0.17,DNR为4.35 mg·(L·h)-1.Gly是实现内源反硝化过程的主要驱动力,反硝化脱氮贡献率占总量的77%.16S rRNA高通量测序表明Proteobacteria门中的β-Proteobacteria在Ac-SBR中为优势菌纲,菌群丰度为40.56%,而在Gc-SBR中菌群丰度为18.05%.α-Proteobacteria可能在Gc-SBR中贡献了微生物的糖原积累.β-Proteobacteria、Unclassified Bacteroidetes和Lgnavibacteria在Ac-SBR中贡献了内源PHA积累.     

两种消化方法对无齿相手蟹重金属含量测定结果的影响

生物样品分别经湿灰法和干灰法消化处理后，测定其Zn,Cu和Pb的含量。结果表明，不同消化方法对样品中Cu含量的测定没有显著的影响，而对Zn和Pb含量的测定都有显著的影响，湿灰法处理后样品中Zn和Pb含量的测定值均普遍高于干灰法处理后相应的测定值。根据本研究结果可知。测定Cu含量的生物样品可用常规灰化温度进行处理，而测定Zn和Pb含量的生物样品宜用低温灰化技术进行处理。图6表1参12     

聚糖菌颗粒污泥基于胞内储存物质的同步硝化反硝化

采用特殊运行方式的厌氧-好氧SBR系统(厌氧后排水),以乙酸钠为有机基质成功富集了聚糖菌颗粒污泥.聚糖菌颗粒污泥厌氧-好氧批式实验表明,聚糖菌颗粒污泥具有较强的SND能力,TOC/N分别为5.0,4.0,2.8时,SND效率分别96.4%、95.3%及96.2%,而周期总氮去除效率随着碳氮比降低而降低,分别为66.0%、61.2%及56.3%.通过对周期氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、TOC以及胞内糖原、PHB变化的测定分析,证明聚糖菌颗粒污泥SND过程中,污泥以厌氧阶段储存于胞内的多聚物PHB作为反硝化碳源,并且反硝化聚糖菌是系统中反硝化能力的来源.与溶解性基质相比,PHB的降解速率相对较低,因此在SND过程中,反硝化可以与硝化保持相近的速率,从而有助于获得良好的SND效果.     

Quantitation of Hydroxyl Radicals from Photolysis of Fe(III)-Citrate Complexes in Aerobic Water (5 pp)

Background For their high photoreactivity, Fe(III)-carboxylate complexes are important sources of H2O2 for some atmospheric and surface waters. Citrate is one kind of carboxylate, which can form complexes with Fe(III). In our previous study, we have applied Fe(III)-citrate complexes to degrade and decolorize dyes in aqueous solutions both under UV light and sunlight. Results have shown that carboxylic acids can promote the photodegradation efficiency. It is indicated that the photolysis of Fe(III)-citrate complexes may cause the formation of some reactive species (e. g. H2O2 and ·OH). This work is attempted to quantify hydroxyl radicals generated in the aqueous solution containing Fe(III)-citrate complexes and to interpret the photoreactivity of Fe(III)-citrate complexes for degrading organic compounds. Methods By using benzene as the scavenger to produce phenol, the photogeneration of ·OH in the aqueous solution containing Fe (III)-citrate complexes was determined by HPLC. Results and Discussion In the aqueous solution containing 60.0/30.0 mM Fe(III)/citrate and 7.0 mM benzene at pH 3.0, 96.66 mM ·OH was produced after irradiation by a 250W metal halide light (l ≥ 313 nm) for 160 minutes. Effects of initial pH value and concentrations of Fe(III) and citrate on ·OH radical generation were all examined. The results show that the greatest photoproduction of ·OH in the aqueous solution (pH ranged from 3.0 to 7.0) was at pH 3.0. The photoproduction of ·OH increased with increasing Fe(III) or citrate concentrations. Conclusion In the aqueous solutions containing Fe(III)-citrate complexes, ·OH radicals were produced after irradiation by a 250W metal halide light. It can be concluded that Fe(III)-citrate complexes are important sources of ·OH radicals for some atmospheric and surface waters. Recommendations and Outlook It is believed that the photolysis of Fe(III)-citrate complexes in the presence of oxygen play an important role in producing ·OH both in atmospheric waters and surface water where high concentrations of ferric ions and citrate ions exist. The photoproduction of ·OH has a high oxidizing potential for the degradation of a wide variety of natural and anthropogenic organic and inorganic substances. We can use this method for toxic organic pollutants such as organic dyes and pesticides.     

稻田土菌群驯化对稻秆两步发酵产甲烷效果的影响

为提高稻秆的降解率及其厌氧发酵甲烷产量,采用高氨氮畜禽废水作为氮源以驯化稻田土壤微生物,优化其降解稻秆的初始pH值,并评估水解产物液体发酵产甲烷性能.结果表明,混合组驯化的微生物产纤维素酶活性及对稻秆木质素的降解率高于其它组及先前文献报道,分别达到4.01 IU和51.96%,且后期水解液中总有机碳（Total organic carbon, TOC）及还原糖含量最高.随着初始pH值的提高,稻秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率显著增加,稻秆水解液中的挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile fatty acids, VFAs）和TOC含量均显著增加,并在第7 d达到最高值.将水解稻秆7 d的水解液进行厌氧发酵显示,在初始pH=9.0条件下累积甲烷产量达到最大,为37.60 mL·mL^-1水解液.本实验结果表明, 驯化的稻田土微生物在碱性条件下可以更有效地降解稻秆,提高水解液中TOC及VFAs含量,从而提高厌氧发酵的甲烷产量.     

Comparison of Canadian firefighters and healthy controls based on submaximal fitness testing and strength considering age and gender

Introduction. Few studies have addressed whether firefighters are fitter than the general population and possess sufficient levels of aerobic capacity and muscle strength to perform on-duty tasks in a safe and efficient manner, considering age and gender. We aimed to evaluate the fitness levels of Hamilton firefighters, and to determine the effects of age and gender. Methods. In total, 89 participants were recruited. The modified Canadian aerobic fitness test was used to determine participants’ estimated maximal oxygen consumption (V_O2max) levels. For upper and lower body strength levels, a calibrated J-Tech hand-held dynamometer and a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting device was used respectively. Results. Firefighters’ mean (SD) V_O2max level was 40.30?±?6.25?ml·kg^?1·min^?1. Age proved to have a statistically significant impact on V_O2max (p?<?0.001). Gender displayed statistically significant effects on strength levels. Firefighters’ age was the only statistically significant independent variable, and accounted for 61.00% of the variance in firefighters’ aerobic capacity levels. Conclusions. Firefighters possessed somewhat similar aerobic capacities but much higher levels of body strength when compared with the general population. With age, firefighters’ aerobic capacities decreased; however, their upper and lower body strength levels remained the same.     

味精浓废水生物处理优化工艺

本文阐述两相厌氧消化法与缺氧—厌氧消化法处理味精浓废水的比较试验.进水为6×10~4mg/L～8×10~4mg/L时,两相厌氧消化法COD去除率为78%,产气率为0.15m~3/kgCOD,CH_4含量为50%.缺氧—厌氧消化法COD去除率为82.2%,产气率为0.23m~3/kgCOD,CH.含量达65%.两种方法均可使出水pH值由3.2上升至7.0以上.氯离子和氨氮的去除不明显.综合上述结果与运行管理的稳定程度均是缺氧——厌氧消化法优于两相厌氧消化法.