Satellite and Ground Based Monitoring of Aerosol Plumes

Plumes of atmospheric aerosol have been studied using a rangeof satellite and ground-based techniques. The Sea-viewing WideField-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) has been used to observe plumesof sulphate aerosol and Saharan dust around the coast of theUnited Kingdom. Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) was retrievedfrom SeaWiFS for two events; a plume of Saharan dusttransported over the United Kingdom from Western Africa and aperiod of elevated sulphate experienced over the Easternregion of the UK. Patterns of AOT are discussed and related tothe synoptic and mesoscale weather conditions. Furtherobservation of the sulphate aerosol event was undertaken usingthe Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer instrument(AVHRR). Atmospheric back trajectories and weather conditionswere studied in order to identify the meteorologicalconditions which led to this event. Co-located ground-basedmeasurements of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were obtained for 4sites within the UK and PM_2.5/10 ratios were calculatedin order to identify any unusually high or low ratios(indicating the dominant size fraction within the plume)during either of these events. Calculated percentiles ofPM_2.5/10 ratios during the 2 events examined show thatthese events were notable within the record, but were in noway unique or unusual in the context of a 3 yr monitoringrecord. Visibility measurements for both episodes have beenexamined and show that visibility degradation occurred duringboth the sulphate aerosol and Saharan dust episodes.     

大气污染与平流层气溶胶

本文简述了大气污染与气溶胶的关系，论述了平流层气溶胶对地球辐射收支的影响，从而说明平流层气溶胶的光学性质的变化将影响全球大气环境，在此基础上，计算了不同背景平流层气溶胶的光学常数和光学特性参数。并使用模式光学常数计算了３种火山模工气溶胶的光学特性参数。同时，考察了这些特性参数对光学常数的敏感性。结果表明，后向散射系数对光学常数的变化最敏感，对于某些波长，它的相对变化可比光学常数的相对变化大一个数量     

Sensitivity of Ozone Production to the Nmhc Composition, Aerosol Back-Scattering and High Chimney Emission

In this paper, three sensitivity studies are designed to analyze the effect of the NMHC (Non-Methane HydroCarbon) composition, the aerosol back-scattering and the high chimney NO_x emission to the photochemical prodution of ozone by using a one-dimensional photochemistry-diffusion model under a favourable meteorological condition. Measurements of the NMHC composition in Taipei indicated that the percentage of iso-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene and benzene in a unit volume was much higher than of those observed in other major cities. the high ratio of benzene was directly linked to its high percentage in gasoline. As to the unusually high amount of iso-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, more researches are needed to identify their source. Concerns are raised as to how productive is NMHC composition is to the photochemical production of the surface ozone. A rough estimate shows that the total reactivity of the Taipei NMHC composition is about 1.21 × 10^-9 cm³ s^-1 which is 1.6 times that of the Los Angeles (LA) NMHC composition, while the simulated noon peak will be different by 28 ppbv, i.e. 18% more than that simulated with a LA composition.

Meanwhile, high aerosol loading is a serious problem in Taipei. the attenuation of the UV radiation by aerosols cannot be ignored. A numerical simulation shows that the noon ozone level will decrease from 178 to 141ppbv, i. e. about 21% reduction, with deterioration of the visual range from 85 to 5 km.

In the southern Taiwan, industry parks are mixed with the populated Kaohsiung city, hence the large emission of NO_x from high chimneys cannot be ignored. in this study, NO_x is assumed to be emitted in the layer between 235-460 m high with an emission rate of 0.05 or 0.145 ppbv/sec. the results show that the NO_x emitted from the elevated stack lead to a considerable reduction of surface ozone. Such conclusion is obtained due to the fact that a one-dimensional model is used in this paper. Whereas, if a three-dimensional regional model was used, then a higher productivity of ozone downstream would be simulated.     

Study of Trace and Heavy Metals in Rural and Urban Aerosols of Uludağ and Bursa (Turkey)

The concentrations of heavy, trace elements and major ions measuredin the Uluda and Bursa aerosols were investigated to assess size distributions, spatial and temporal variability, sources and source regions affecting the composition of aerosols in Uluda and Bursa. A total of 81 samples were collected in two sites, one in Bursa city and another in the Uluda Mountain during two sampling campaigns. Daily samples were collected using a high volume sampler on Whatman 41 cellulose filters in Uluda, while three days interval samples were collected in Bursa using an automatic dichotomous sampler on PTFE Teflon filters. Samples were analysed for 15 trace and heavy metals (Al, Fe, Ba, Na, Mg, K, Mn, Ca, Cu), (V, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn), and 4 major ions (SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^-, Cl^-), (NH₄ ⁺) using ICP-AES, GFAAS, HPLC and UV/VIS Spectrophotometer,respectively. In general, concentrations of the metals measured inUluda aerosols were lower than those in Bursa. The concentrations of crustal elements were higher in summer than winter, while anthropogenic elements had higher concentrations in winter than summer. Most of the mass of crustal elements was concentrated in the coarse mode while the mass of the heavy metals was concentrated in the fine mode. Factor analysis revealed four factors with sources including crustal, industrial and combustion. Back trajectory calculations were used to determine long range contributions. These calculations showed that contributions were mostly from European countries, former Soviet Union countries, Black Sea and North Africa.     

2种铀矿井下常用口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性研究

为探究铀矿井下常用的2种口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性,在我国南方某铀矿山,利用APS3321型空气动力学粒径谱仪对井下工作人员常用纱布口罩和KN95型口罩的过滤特性进行了研究.井下气溶胶监测数据显示,该铀矿井下典型作业场所PM10的质量浓度介于0.069～ 9.800 mg/m3,个数浓度介于173.918 ～2 561.600个/cm3;PM2.5的质量浓度介于0.039～0.479 mg/m3之间,个数浓度介于173.100～2 556.382个/cm3之间.口罩过滤特性试验结果表明:1)KN95型口罩和纱布口罩对PM10的平均过滤效率分别为95％和76％,对PM2.5的平均过滤效率分别为93％和61％,可见KN95型口罩过滤效率明显高于纱布口罩;2)在0.5～3.5 μm粒径范围内,2种口罩对颗粒物的过滤效率均随粒径增大而增大,在3.5～ 10μm粒径范围内,2种口罩对不同粒径颗粒物的过滤效率均接近100％;3)无论从质量浓度还是个数浓度来看,经口罩过滤后的气溶胶粒子大多数分布在2.5μm粒径范围内,表明PM2.5是主要的气溶胶污染物.     

基于卫星遥感的浙北平原气溶胶光学特性长期变化分析

利用MOD04 C051气溶胶产品,以浙江北部平原为主要研究区,开展区域气溶胶光学特性长期(2000年3月—2013年12月)变化分析.长期逐月时间序列显示,区域气溶胶光学特性具有年内周期性变化规律,AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)峰值多出现在5月或6月;Angstrom Exponent(α指数)峰值多出现在3月或4月.在空间分布上,研究区中部地区气溶胶污染较重且粗粒子成分较高.研究区气溶胶光学特性长期变化特征主要体现在:1气溶胶污染总体减轻但细粒子成分增加,复合污染加重;2008年以来区域AOD年均值总体呈下降趋势;2007—2013年α指数年均值显著高于2000—2006年;区域α指数月均值增长趋势显著,近14年的总倾向率为0.125(p0.05);2AOD和α指数的季节差异呈减小趋势,AOD的季节变化规律由2000年的春夏≈冬秋转变为2013年的春冬秋≥夏;α指数虽仍以夏秋季高于冬春季,但春秋两季α指数相对增大;3以污染较轻的湖州市和污染较重的嘉兴市为例的原因分析显示,AOD变化与SO2排放量具有一定相关性,α指数变化与民用汽车拥有量变化趋势一致,相关性较高.     

关于气溶胶颗粒物沉积率系数平均方法模型的改进研究

气溶胶颗粒物在壁面的沉积率系数模型的研究已经成为现代气溶胶动力学研究的重要课题.本文通过实验腔测量和理论分析相结合,对Koivisto等(2012)提出的平均方法模型(AM)中的关键参数(即时间间隔)的选取和对测量数据量的要求两个问题进行研究.选取目前广泛使用的最小二乘法模型(LSM)和Lai和Nazaroff(2000)提出的理论分析模型进行对比.研究发现,AM模型中的时间间隔这一关键参数,应由目前的50矫正为20;AM模型和LSM模型均要求实验测量数据个数等于或者大于10,但是AM模型在小数据量情况下的预测结果更精确.     

城市土地利用类型与PM2.5浓度相关性研究——以武汉市为例

随着我国工业化的不断发展,在我国的主要经济发展地区的雾霾天气不断爆发,使我国的大气环境日益恶化,严重影响了人们的日常生活和身体健康。PM2.5作为雾霾的重要组成成分,也日渐成为环境领域的研究热点问题。随着全球性变化研究领域逐渐加强了对土地利用与生态环境的相关研究,因此无论从法律和社会经济发展的角度,还是从生态资源保护与环境可持续发展的角度,土地利用与PM2.5的相关研究都显得相当重要。研究目的:分析武汉市各类用地类型与PM2.5浓度的相关性程度。研究方法:使用ENVI与ArcGIS对武汉市2013年MODIS气溶胶产品进行空间分析与插值处理,再应用SPSS将其与武汉市2013年10个观测点的PM2.5浓度数据作相关性分析,以证实MODIS气溶胶厚度与PM2.5浓度的相关性,并建立两者的线性回归方程,然后利用计算后的武汉市整体PM2.5浓度分布与各土地利用类型进行相关性研究。研究结果:武汉市PM2.5浓度有明显的空间分布特征,绿化面积比例与PM2.5浓度呈显著负相关,建设用地面积比例与PM2.5浓度呈显著正相关,未利用地面积比例虽然与PM2.5浓度呈正相关,但相关性较低,而耕地与水体对PM2.5浓度没有显著影响。研究结论:土地利用类型对武汉市PM2.5浓度的分布有显著的影响,其与搭载MODIS传感器的遥感卫星监测方式的结合能成为研究大范围特定区域PM2.5浓度空间格局的新方法,并且增加城市绿化面积,控制建设用地规模能有效减少PM2.5浓度。     

Partial neutralization of rain by seaspray: the case of Recôncavo, Bahia-Brazil

In the Recôncavo of Bahia (located between 12°33′ and 13°10′S and 38°00′and 39°00′W), there are significant discharges of SO₂ and NO_x due to local, industrial and urban activities. The incoming air masses from the Atlantic Ocean are enriched with seaspray, which neutralizes part of the rain acidity. The extent of seaspray neutralization of rain acidity was quantified in four sites of the region, each with different loads of seaspray. Rain samples were obtained daily at the same time, integrating the precipitation of the previous 24 h, using wet-only collectors and analyzed for pH by potentiometry and for sodium by flame photometry. The amount of rain acidity in Recôncavo neutralized by seaspray ranged from <1% up to 88% and depended on the site. On average, neutralization ranged from 5% to 18%.     

南京秋冬季非难熔性亚微米颗粒物来源解析

利用Aerodyne高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪（HR-ToF-AMS）对南京北郊秋冬季非难熔性亚微米气溶胶（NR-PM₁）的化学组分（包括有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐和氯化物）和特征进行实时在线监测,并利用多元线性模型（ME-2）对其中复杂的有机物进行来源解析.观测期间,有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐、氯化物对NR-PM₁的贡献分别为42%,28%,15%,13%和2%.有机物解析出6类有机气溶胶：烃类有机气溶胶（HOA）、烹饪类有机气溶胶（COA）、生物质燃烧有机气溶胶（BBOA）、高氧化有机气溶胶（MO-OOA）、低氧化有机气溶胶（LO-OOA）、液相反应生成氧化有机气溶胶（aq-OOA）,平均浓度分别占总有机气溶胶的18%,14%,19%,19%,11%和19%.通过不同污染事件的对比结果表明,本次观测期间二次气溶胶在污染时期占比会明显上升并且液相反应对二次组分的形成有显著的促进作用.