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131.
Püspökszilágy Radioactive Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility (RWTDF) is a typical near-surface engineered repository designated to store low- and intermediate-level wastes from various institutes, research facilities and hospitals in Hungary. Two automatic combined 14C–tritium sampling units installed at the facility sample the air 2 m above surface. The one installed near the vaults detects tritium (T) activities two orders of magnitude higher than the far reference sampling unit. To localize the T emissions, 19 small absorption vapour samplers filled with silica gel were settled onto the ground surface. After the saturation of the silica gel, the water was recovered and its T concentration was measured with a low-background liquid scintillation counter. The absorption vapour samplers are cheap, simple and easy-to-use. We present the samplers and the T distribution map constructed from the data, which helps to localize the T emission.  相似文献   
132.
珠江三角洲地区大气气溶胶中有机污染物背景研究   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8  
选择肇庆市鼎湖山自然保护区为珠江三角洲大气气溶胶有机污染评价的区域性环境背景.研究结果表明,珠江三角洲地区大气气溶胶中优控多环芳烃背景值萘、苊、二氢苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(ghi)分别为n.d.、n.d.、tr.、0.14、tr.、0.39、0.53、0.19、1.05、1.82、1.41、0.02、2.29、0.53和2.44ng/m3,总量为10.80ng/m3,其来源主要为高等植物排放.  相似文献   
133.
为了解四川盆地大气中单颗粒气溶胶理化特征,分别在该区域典型城市(成都市)和背景地区(峨眉山)进行了大气单颗粒样品采集.基于带能谱的透射电子显微镜(TEM-EDS)对两地累计3923个单颗粒的化学组成、形貌特征及混合状态等进行了全面观测和分析,并对两地颗粒物差异性进行了对比分析.结果发现:两地气溶胶颗粒主要包括有机物、富硫、矿物、烟尘和飞灰/金属颗粒,除了以单独的外混形式存在外,大多数颗粒以两种及两种以上颗粒类型混合(即内混)形式存在.通过对成都市不同污染状况下单颗粒特征对比发现,\"污染天\"的内混颗粒占比高于\"清洁天\",分别为74.2%和68.6%;相比\"清洁天\",\"污染天\"颗粒物粒径分布范围更广且峰值区间更大,表明污染过程中颗粒物的大气混合趋于更强.对比成都市与峨眉山分析结果得知,成都市以内混的有机物-硫颗粒为主导(占比为50.2%),而峨眉山以外混的有机物颗粒为主导(占比为50.5%);成都市含硫类颗粒物(如有机物-硫颗粒)贡献高于峨眉山,而峨眉山两种含碳类颗粒(如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒)占比高于成都市;此外,成都市与峨眉山两地大气颗粒物粒径分布范围及峰值区间均存在一定差异,进一步体现了两地颗粒物来源和老化混合的差异.在峨眉山,与非降雨天相比,一些易溶于水的颗粒物(如含硫类颗粒)在降雨天占比明显降低,而源自当地燃烧过程、粒径较小且疏水性强的颗粒物(如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒)占比相应升高.  相似文献   
134.
上海市大气气溶胶中铂元素污染状况调查   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
为调查上海市大气气溶胶中铂元素的污染状况,用PM10-2型可吸入颗粒物采样器采集了上海市大气气溶胶样品,采样时间分别为2003-12~2005-12.用微波消解密闭系统消解样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了大气气溶胶中Pt的含量.分析结果表明,同清洁对照点((0.65±0.16)pg·m-3)相比,上海市中心区大气中Pt((1.69±0.93)pg·m-3)的污染是明显的;装有三元催化转化器的汽车尾气中Pt的含量均在100ng·g-1以上,远远高于大气气溶胶样品(人民广场平均值21.7ng·g-1);不同交通密度区Pt含量分析结果表明,Pt含量与交通密度紧密相关,这说明装有三元催化器的汽车尾气是气溶胶中Pt污染的主要来源;此外,上海市大气气溶胶中Pt呈现季节性变化,并受气象条件影响.同世界其它城市相比,上海市气溶胶中铂元素污染程度还较低,但是这种潜在的重金属污染应该引起重视.  相似文献   
135.
    
Three approaches to modelling spatial data in which simulation plays a vital role are described and illustrated with examples. The first approach uses flexible regression models, such as generalized additive models, together with locational covariates to fit a surface to spatial data. We show how the bootstrap can be used to quantify the effects of model selection uncertainty and to avoid oversmoothing. The second approach, which is appropriate for binary data, allows for local spatial correlation by the inclusion in a logistic regression model of a covariate derived from neighbouring values of the response variable. The resulting autologistic model can be fitted to survey data obtained from a random sample of sites by incorporating the Gibbs sampler into the modelling procedure. We show how this modelling strategy can be used not only to fit the autologistic model to sites included in the survey, but also to estimate the probability that a certain species is present in the unsurveyed sites. Our third approach relates to the analysis of spatio-temporal data. Here we model the distribution of a plant or animal species as a function of the distribution at an earlier time point. The bootstrap is used to estimate parameters and quantify their precision. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
136.
    
The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.  相似文献   
137.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Polyurethane foam(PUF)passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013,and the organochlorine pesticide(OCP)concentrations in the samples were determined.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products(collectively called DDTs),hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs),and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were the dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples.The mean DDTs,HCHs and HCB concentrations were 33,22 and 18 ng/sample in the PUF samples,and 428,74,and 43 ng/(g lipid weight(lw))in the tree bark,respectively.The OCP concentrations in the air,calculated using PUF–air and tree-bark–air partitioning models,were of the same order of magnitude.Both sample types showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have occurred in western China.Meanwhile,PUF passive samplers were compared with the use of tree bark samples as passive samplers.The OCP compositions in the PUF and tree bark samples were different.Only the relatively stable OCPs(such as HCB,β-HCH and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene(DDE))were consistent in the PUF and tree bark samples.  相似文献   
138.
分别用常规法和离子色谱法对近岸海域大气NOX 进行同步监测,并对两方法间的相关性和测定结果的换算进行了研究。结果表明: 两者呈极显著的正相关,相关系数达0-835(n= 9) ,其测定结果是可换算的。为此,建立了采用离子色谱法测定气溶胶NO-3 浓度预测近岸大气NOX 浓度的方法。  相似文献   
139.
利用吸湿增长光散射测量系统、黑碳仪和气相色谱质谱联用仪等仪器,于2019年7月15日8月4日在北京地区开展了为期21d的大气气溶胶观测实验.观测期间北京市区于7月27日出现短暂的轻度污染,并在7月29日出现强降水天气.结果显示:北京市区夏季大气污染变化剧烈且短暂,大气气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子f(RH)呈现平滑连续的特点,并且降水会对f(RH)造成显著影响.7月27日PM2.5的平均质量浓度为(92.54±47.05)μg/m3,表现出较为剧烈的污染变化.7月28~30日平均散射吸湿增长因子f(80%±1%)分别为(1.50±0.35),(1.43±0.36)和(1.48±0.25),反映了降水对于大气气溶胶的湿清除作用.最后利用实验数据估算粒径吸湿增长因子gf(RH),并建模研究f(RH)和gf(RH)的关系,模型精度R2最高可达0.698.  相似文献   
140.
    
Samples of cloudwater, rainwater and ambient aerosol were collected over Maoer Mountain in the northeast of Guangxi Province in March 1988. The pH value of cloudwater ranged from 3.37 to 6.20 with a mean value of 4.34. SO42- , NO3- , NH4+, Ca2+ and H+ were the principal ionic species of cloudwater. The advance of cold fronts into Maoer Mountain appeared to lead to higher major ionic concentration and acidity than that of warm fronts. The relative acidity and concentration of NO3- of cloudwater were much greater than that of aerosol samples. With the exception of. NO3- and H+, most of the concentration of SO42- and NH4+ in cloudwater came from the nucleation scavenging of aerosol. Gaseous nitric acid and organic acid from local may be one of the important source of cloudwater acidity. Compared with other sites, Maoer Mountain can be as a clean contrast station for studying acidic precipitation in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces.  相似文献   
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