Aerosol optical properties derived from simultaneous sunphotometer and aureolemeter measurements in Lhasa

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区域源解析模式的建立

运用数值分类学手段建立了一种迭代的(iterative)、分裂的(divisive)、不加权的(non-weighting)、非交迭(nonoverlapping)的运算程式(IDNN模式),从实测原始数据中提取可近似作为纯源的样品和相应的性状,通过分析这些近似纯源样品及与之关系密切的其它特征样品的采样参数和成分特征可鉴别或识别源的类型,运用化学质量平衡法(CMB)求解受体样品的定量来源.在对模拟数据的验证处理中,IDNN模式显示了初步成功.     

静电作用下的气溶胶粒子在液滴表面沉降效应的研究

介绍了气溶胶粒子在液滴表面沉降效率的计算方法、分析了气溶胶粒子、液滴均荷电或其中之一荷电时，在粘性流场和势流场中液滴表面捕集效率，并与他人的研究成果（近似理论解和数值解）进行了对比。     

The role of atmospheric aerosol composition in climate change

The chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols has been investigated. Contributions ofsulfate and soot in aerosols to the atmospheric extinction are studied. Discussions are made on the problems of aerosol emitted from volcano, forest fires in northern China, 1987 and oil field fires in Kuwait, 1991. It is indicated that the changes in concentration, particle size, and chemical composition of aerosol after those events could have impacts on the climate change either regionally or globally and that the impact of aerosol particles on climate change could compensate for some temperature increase caused by greenhouse gases and the increase of surface intensity of ultraviolet radiation due to ozone layer depletion.     

氨排放对华北典型地区冬季二次无机盐生成的影响

为研究氨排放对冬季PM_(2.5)中二次无机盐的影响,设置不同排放情景,应用CMAQ模式对华北地区典型城市——保定冬季无机盐进行了模拟研究。结果表明:将氨气在模式中排放置零的情景下,无机盐质量浓度降低了67.08%;氨排放削减与二次无机盐生成呈非线性关系,大气呈"氨限制"状态;氨排放削减能够有效抑制二次无机盐的生成,当削减幅度为50%时无机盐总体降幅达29.89%,其中硝酸盐、铵盐和硫酸盐降幅分别为53.78%、27.87%和5.64%;氨排放对重污染时段二次无机盐的生成贡献较高,当氨削减幅度为50%时无机盐总体降低40.58%;在当前大气环境下,氨排放削减是保定市冬季控制二次无机盐污染的重要途径。     

大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪的研制和应用

大气气溶胶碳质组分主要包括有机碳(Organic Carbon,OC)和元素碳(Elemental Carbon,EC),是大气细粒子的重要组成部分,对大气环境及人体健康具有非常重要的意义.针对目前商品化碳质气溶胶在线分析仪存在的一些问题,研制出大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪(PKUOCEC),实现了对OC和EC的小时浓度测量.仪器同时采用热分解-光学透射(Thermo Optical Transmission,TOT)法和热分解-光学反射(Thermo Optical Reflection,TOR)法分离OC和EC,检测限为0.29μg·m-3(以C计)(采样时间40 min,采样流量8 L·min-1),测量范围最大值为211.50μg·m-3(以C计),可以满足不同环境的大气观测要求.于2016年1月23—31日采用该仪器对北京怀柔大气进行监测,并与商品化在线碳质气溶胶分析仪(RT-4 OCEC,Sunset Lab Inc.)和多角度吸收光度计(5012 MAAP,Thermo Scientific)进行比对.结果显示,PKU-OCEC测得的TC(Total Carbon,TC=OC+EC)和OC浓度均与Sunset-OCEC对应结果显著相关(TC:r=0.986,OC:r=0.984;p0.01),说明两台仪器测量结果具有很好的一致性;Sunset-OCEC测得的EC数据有39.39%低于0.013μg·m-3(以C计),剔除该部分异常值后,其测得的EC数据与PKU-OCEC数据的线性拟合方程由CEC_Sunset=0.9278×CEC_PKU!0.0704(TOT法)和CEC_Sunset=0.9476×CEC_PKU!0.2665(TOR法)变为CE C_Sunset=0.6810×CEC_PKU+1.2842(TOT法)和CEC_Sunset=0.7035×CEC_PKU+1.1179(TOR法),新的方程产生较大正截距,说明Sunset-OCEC的检测限偏高;PKUOCEC测得的EC数据与MAAP测得的BC数据显著相关,其线性拟合度(R2=0.8868(TOT法)、R2=0.8614(TOR法))大于Sunset-OCEC与MAAP的拟合度(R2=0.8047);PKU-OCEC分析仪TOT法和TOR法测得的OC浓度相当(COC_TOR=0.9963×COC_TOT,R2=0.9959).综合结果表明,PKU-OCEC分析仪测量数据可靠,运行稳定且操作简便,可以用于各种环境条件下的大气监测.     

A tool for estimating the contribution of water-soluble organic compounds to the particle mass and condensational growth in the atmosphere

In this theoretical investigation, we elucidated several factors governing the ability of organic, water-soluble vapours to participate into either the secondary organic aerosol formation or particle condensational growth in the atmosphere. The corresponding requirements for physico-chemical properties of the vapour were estimated. These estimates were also compared with the properties of several difunctional carboxylic acids identified in the atmosphere. Our analysis indicates that while many of the considered compounds are expected to contribute to the total particle mass in the atmosphere, their role in particle condensational growth process remains uncertain. This uncertainty emerges from the fact that the saturation ratio of an organic vapour does not alone determine its ability to act as a “nonvolatile” compound. Instead, the hygroscopic and chemical properties of the vapour, as well as the particle pH and size, have also to be taken into account.     

Aerosol Composition Change due to Dust Storm: Measurements between 1992 and 1999 at Gosan,Korea

Aerosol composition change between dust storm and non duststorm periods is studied using the TSP (Total SuspendedParticulate) data measured at Gosan, Korea between 1992 and1999. The concentrations of elements measured between 1993and 1996 and those of ions between 1992 and 1999 duringdust storms are compared with those during non-dust stormperiods in spring (March, April, and May). Among theanalyzed ions, the concentrations of crustal species(potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride) andanthropogenic species (nitrate and non-sea salt (nss)-sulfate) increased when dust storm occurs while those ofammonium and sodium did not increase. Among the analyzedelements, the concentrations of crustal species (Fe, Al,Ca, Ti, and Zn) increased when dust storm occurs whilethose of anthropogenic species (Mn, V, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Cr)did not increase. The only anthropogenic element of whichconcentration increased during dust storm periods was Pb.It was found that the concentrations of nitrate and nss-sulfatewere highest during spring. Also, the ratio of theyearly average concentrations of nitrate to nss-sulfateincreases, probably due to the emission trend change innortheast Asia, especially, in China.     

碱熔法生产二氧化锆污染的综合治理

采用新型反应器及胶凝除硅、直接酸溶重结晶、直接煅烧等技术对二氧化锆的生产工艺进行了改革 ,降低了原材料消耗及能耗 ,减少了废液排放量 ,并将回收的废物加工成副产品白炭黑 ,在生产过程中防治污染。     

Source Apportionment in the Town of La Spezia (Italy) by Continuous Aerosol Sampling and PIXE Analysis

We describe the results of an aerosol sampling campaign performedin 1999 in the medium-size industrial town of La Spezia, in theNorthwest of Italy. We used two-stage continuous streakersamplers in three different sites and periods of the year. This kind of samplers allows the separation of the PM₁₀ andPM_2.2 fractions of the particulate matter. Moreover, the hourly resolution in the aerosol collection is particularly useful inan urban environment where, typically, many pollution sourceswith fast variations are present. Up to 1700 samples have beenanalysed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) at the INFNaccelerator facility in Florence, obtaining hourly concentrationfor about 20 elements from Na to Pb, with a sensitivity rangingfrom below 1 to about 10 ng m^-3. The total hourly aerosolmass has been estimated with an optical analysis of the samesamples performed (before the PIXE analysis) by an equipment designed and mounted in Genoa. An extensive statistical analysisof the data included standard and Absolute Principal ComponentFactor Analysis (PCFA and APCFA) to deduce the compositionand the weight of the major aerosol sources in both fractions.Thorough different statistical approaches, we generally resolvedcontributions from vehicle emission, fossil fuel combustion,soil-road dust and sea salt aerosol.