Gas-phase organics in environmental tobacco smoke: 2. Exposure-relevant emission factors and indirect exposures from habitual smoking

Sorption of emitted gas-phase organic compounds onto material surfaces affects environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) composition and exposures indoors. We have introduced a new metric, the exposure relevant emission factor (EREF) that accounts for sorptive uptake and reemission to give the mass of individual ETS constituents available for exposure over a day in which smoking occurs. This paper describes month-long experiments to investigate sorption effects on EREFs and potential ETS exposures under habitual smoking conditions. Cigarettes were smoked in a 50-m³ furnished room over a 3-h period 6–7 days per week, with continuous ventilation at 0.3, 0.6, or 2.1 h⁻¹. Organic gas concentrations were measured every few days over 4-h “smoking”, 10-h “post-smoking” and 10-h “background” periods. Concentration patterns of volatile ETS components including 1,3-butadiene, benzene and acrolein were similar to those calculated for a theoretical non-sorbing tracer, indicating limited sorption. Concentrations of ETS tracers, e.g. 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) and nicotine, and lower volatility toxic air contaminants including phenol, cresols, and naphthalene increased as experiments progressed, indicating mass accumulation on surfaces and higher desorption rates. Daily patterns stabilized after week 2, yielding a steady daily cycle of ETS concentrations associated with habitual smoking. EREFs for sorbing compounds were higher under steady cycle versus single-day smoking conditions by 50% for 3-EP, and by 2–3 times for nicotine, phenol, cresols, naphthalene, and methylnaphthalenes. Our results provide relevant information about potential indirect exposures from residual ETS (non-smoker enters room shortly after smoker finishes) and from reemission, and their importance relative to direct exposures (non-smoker present during smoking). Under the conditions examined, indirect exposures accounted for a larger fraction of total potential exposures for sorbing versus non-sorbing compounds, and at lower versus higher ventilation rates. Increasing ventilation can reduce indirect exposures to very low levels for non-sorbing ETS components, but indirect routes accounted for 50% of potential nicotine exposures during non-smoking periods at all ventilation rates.     

Exposure of population and microenvironmental distributions of volatile organic compound concentrations in the EXPOLIS study

Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) formed one part of the EU-EXPOLIS project in which the exposure of European urban populations to particles and gaseous pollutants was studied. The EXPOLIS study concentrated on 30 target VOCs selected on the basis of environmental and health significance and usability of the compounds as markers of pollution sources. In the project, 201 subjects in Helsinki, 50 in Athens, 50 in Basel, 50 in Milan and, 50 in Oxford and 50 in Prague were selected for the final exposure sample. The microenvironmental and personal exposure concentrations of VOCs were the lowest in Helsinki and Basel, while the highest concentrations were measured in Athens and Milan; Oxford and Prague were in between. In all cities, home indoor air was the most significant exposure agent. Workplace indoor air concentrations measured in this study were generally lower than the home indoor concentrations and home outdoor air played a minor role as an exposure agent. When estimating the measured personal exposure concentrations using the measured concentrations and time fractions spent at home indoors, at home outdoors, and at the workplace, it could be concluded that these three microenvironments do not fully explain the personal exposure. Other important sources for personal exposure must be encountered, the most important being traffic/transportation and other indoor environments not measured in this study.     

等离子体与光催化复合技术净化污水处理泵站臭气

用一种等离子体-光催化复合技术净化污水处理泵站臭气，研究表明该复合技术具有较显著的协同促进效应，通过改变等离子体发生单元与光催化单元的距离以及在两者之间放置去静电网，可消除等离子体单元产生的负电荷对光催化单元的不利影响，进一步提高其复合效应。同时还对这一复合技术产生协同效应的机理进行了分析，并在污水处理泵站实地考查了这种复合技术对臭气的净化效果。该技术对臭气中NH3的降解率可达46．1％，对H2S的降解率可达67．3％。     

空气自动监测系统软件开发及数据整合模式探讨

空气自动监测系统的仪器仪表多样化，以及数据采集装置和数据格式的差异，给系统软硬件的集成，以及数据应用和管理带来了不便，也是构成空气自动监测信息化进程中的技术瓶颈之一，通过对空气自动监测系统软件开发和数据整合模式的对比分析，探讨了解决问题的途径。     

Limestone surfaces in built-up environment as indicators of atmospheric pollution

The concentration of sulphate on limestone surfaces of the external walls of churches in Malta is shown to be related to their position and distance from a power station, the main local point source of sulphur dioxide pollution. Limestone powder collected from these surfaces was examined for the presence of particles which, under low-power optical microscopy, appear as shiny black amorphous bodies which were interpreted as soot particles; the abundance of these bodies was expressed as a black particle count (BPC). The degree of sulphation and BPC were shown to be correlated with each other and both appeared to be strongly dependent on the prevailing wind. The BPC contour map indicated an important contribution to the parameter from vehicular traffic. It is suggested that the degree of sulphation and BPC of limestone surfaces from the built environment should function as environmental indicators of the relative air quality with respect to SO₂ and soot pollution. This data is possibly more accurately representative of the relative long-term air-quality status of different areas of habitation than that deduced from single or episodic measurements of atmospheric pollutant levels.     

窑炉烟气净化和控制燃烧相结合技术

窑炉烟气污染治理技术的关键是要解决降低高温烟气以实现机械排烟的条件，而在采用配风形式降低了高温烟气和通过选用适宜的湿式净化技术装置解决了污染问题的同时，必须考虑控制窑炉燃烧，以保证窑炉的正常运行，并改善窑炉燃烧条件，使窑炉的产品质量得到保证和提高，实现环保与节能降耗的双重效果。     

浅析相关因子对空气负离子水平的影响

空气负离子是一种重要的森林旅游资源，其保健功能迎合了人们追求生态健康的旅游心理．论文着重对其影响因素进行分析，借助于SPSS统计软件对若干因子进行一元回归分析．在分析结果的基础上，对森林旅游地有关保健设施的规划和设计提供一定的建议。     

太原市空气的SO2污染及树木的吸收净化

研究了太原市空气中SO2浓度的年际、月份和垂直变化规律．实验结果表明，夏季和秋季SO2浓度低，污染较轻，春季和冬季的SO2浓度大，污染重，沿垂直方向在1m高处的SO2浓度最大，7m高的位置SO2浓度明显降低，20m处更低．测试了银杏、白蜡和国槐3种绿化树种的枝条韧皮部和叶片的含硫量，其逐月变化规律说明这些树种对城市空气中的SO2具有很强的吸收能力，是城市绿化和净化污染的优良树种．结合树木的叶片容量和含硫量的关系，评价了它们净化污染的效益，结合SO2垂直变化规律提出立体绿化配置．图2表3参7     

城镇绿地对空气质量的影响--以中山市小榄镇为例

对中山市小榄镇公园、街道、居住区等不同地区的空气质量进行了测定．结果表明：公园、苗圃、金菊花园、镇府大院和小榄中学等绿化好、总绿量大的地带，CO2浓度[Ψ(CO2)／10^-6]和含菌量(n／m^-3)明显较低，负离子浓度明显较高；街道、新永路民居、商场、工厂、车站和果菜批发市场等绿化差、总绿量小的地带，Ψ(CO2)／10^-6和含菌量明显偏高，负离子浓度明显偏低．街道上空的Ψ(CO2)与车流量之间有极显著相关关系Ψ(CO2)与人流量之间相关关系不显著．     

我国空气颗粒物中烃类物质的来源解析研究现状

综述了利用奇偶优势指标、最高峰碳数指标以及色谱峰型特征来判识正构烷烃的来源和利用浓度比值法、化合物的轮廓图特征法、多元统计方法和化学质量平衡法判识多环芳烃的来源,并指出这些方法特点。