矿物超细颗粒的形成机制、结构特征及其环境行为和效应

矿物超细颗粒在自然环境中普遍存在,具有独特的环境行为和效应,对元素地球化学循环、污染物迁移转化和生态环境演变等有重要影响.矿物超细颗粒的环境行为和效应与其形成过程和结构特征密切相关.综述了物理、化学和生物过程驱动的矿物超细颗粒的形成机制,介绍了用于表征矿物超细颗粒结构特征的显微镜、光谱、质谱和同步辐射技术,分析了矿物超细颗粒在环境中的迁移转化及其与污染物的吸附、氧化还原和催化转化作用,总结了矿物超细颗粒的食物链积累、生物和生态毒性等环境效应,并对颗粒结晶路径、风险管控和微纳界面调控等重要研究方向进行了展望.超细颗粒是连接微观物质与宏观矿物晶体之间的桥梁,全面认识复杂基质中矿物颗粒的环境属性及其与污染物的微观作用机制,有助于指导矿物超细颗粒在环境污染修复中的应用,从而优化功能材料的设计,促进绿色低碳纳米技术的发展.     

A new polystyrene-latex-based and EPS-containing synthetic sludge

Since the living microorganisms in activated sludge continuously change, it is difficult to conduct controlled experiments and achieve reproducible results for evaluating sludge characteristics. Synthetic sludge, as a chemical surrogate to activated sludge, could be used to investigate the sludge physicochemical properties, and it is desirable to prepare synthetic sludge with similar structure and properties to real activated sludge to explore the flocculation and settlement processes in activated sludge systems. In this work, a high-strength synthetic sludge was prepared with functional polystyrene latex particles as the framework and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to modify its surface. The flocculation and settling characteristics of the microspheres and the prepared synthetic sludge were tested. Compared with other three functional polystyrene latex microspheres, the synthetic sludge prepared with EPS-modified polystyrene latex microspheres showed good settling characteristics and a significantly higher strength. They could be used for studying the physicochemical properties of activated sludge.     

室内空气颗粒物中HCHs和DDTs的含量

采用中流量TSP采样器在北京大学住宅小区和教学楼同步采集了室内和室外的大气颗粒物样本 ,分析了其中的HCHs和DDTs残留量 .结果表明 :室内外大气颗粒物中∑HCH的含量分别为 0 1 39ng·m- 3和 0 1 63ng·m- 3,∑DDT含量为 0 40 1ng·m- 3和 0 42 4ng·m- 3.室内外的浓度差别不大 .但由于室内空气颗粒物含量显著低于室外 ,其颗粒物中HCHs和DDTs的质量浓度显著高于室外 ,这可能与室内颗粒物的粒径较小有关 .考虑到室内外空气颗粒物中有机氯异构分布的相似性 ,居住区室内空气颗粒物中的HCHs和DDTs主要来自室外 .而实验室内空气在一定程度上受HCHs内部源污染 .     

北京市不同区域采暖期大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

利用分级采样器分别采集北京市不同区域采暖期的大气颗粒物,分析多环芳烃的组成及含量.结果表明北京市大气总悬浮颗粒物中总多环芳烃的含量城乡结合带为7486—43687ng·m-3,郊区为11993—39786ng·m-3.在城乡结合带,80%以上的多环芳烃存在于粒径<20μm的颗粒物中;在郊区,77%以上的多环芳烃存在于粒径<20μm的颗粒物中.比较不同环数的多环芳烃在不同粒径范围内大气颗粒物中的分配比例,发现随环数的减少其分配比例呈现归一化.不同粒径范围的颗粒物中苯并(a)芘均与总多环芳烃含量显著相关(p<0001).     

杭嘉湖蚕桑区主要大气氟污染源及治理现状

对杭嘉湖蚕桑区大气氟主要污染源——砖瓦厂氟的排放状况及各种含氟烟道废气治理装置的治理效果进行了较为深入的调查分析,认为砖瓦厂含氟废气不经烟道排放较为严重。目前砖瓦厂所采用的各种含氟废气治理装置中,旋流板塔装置除氟效率较佳,可使废气氟的排放浓度降至5mg/m~3以下,基本上能消除下风向300m以远的大气氟污染对蚕桑的严重危害。     

固定源稀释通道的设计和外场测试研究

为研究固定源产生的颗粒物的污染情况,自行设计了固定源稀释通道采样装置以便模拟颗粒物在大气中的稀释扩散过程.该装置采用不同尺寸的采样嘴,以保证对烟道内的颗粒物等速采样,采样烟气与洁净空气在稀释腔内混合,腔内雷诺数典型值可以达到10000,保证了采样烟气和洁净空气能够稀释混合均匀.颗粒物在停留室中的停留时间达到90s,保证了颗粒物有足够的时间长大成核.将该装置应用于国内的9个燃煤、燃油固定源,取得了颗粒物的质量浓度、OC、EC组成、排放因子等数据.     

北京市大气细粒子的来源分析

细粒子(空气动力学直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物)污染是许多城市重要的大气环境问题.从1999年至2000年对北京市细粒子展开了4次采样和化学分析,有效采样天数为40d.利用正定矩阵分解(PMF)方法对细粒子的来源进行了分析.化学成分包括EC(元素碳)、有机物、SO₄^2-、F^-、Cl^-、Fe、Ca、K、Mg、Al、Na、Zn、Mn、Ti、Pb、Ba和P等17种.发现主要来源有6类:地面扬尘、建筑源、生物质燃烧、二次源、机动车排放和燃煤.     

Seasonal variation and chemical composition of particulate matter: A study by XPS, ICP-AES and sequential microanalysis using Raman with SEM/EDS

During the winter period (January–March 2016), the total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) were characterized by the application of various analytical techniques in four zones of the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey in Mexico. To evaluate the seasonal variation of some elements in the particulate matter, the results of this study were compared with those obtained during the summer season (July–September 2015). The speciation of the C_1s signal by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the contribution of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons as the main components in both seasons. Conversely, carboxylic groups associated with biogenic emissions were detected only in winter. The percentages of SO₄^2 ? ions were lower in winter, possibly caused by the decrease in the solar radiation, and relative humidity recorded. The results of the ICP analysis revealed that Fe, Zn and Cu were the most abundant metals in both TSP and PM_2.5 in the two seasons. There were significant seasonal variations for concentrations of As, Ni and Zn in the urban area and for Fe, As, Cd, Ni and Zn in the industrial zone. This was attributed to the greater burning of fuels as well as to an increase in vehicular traffic, the effect of thermal inversion and changes in some meteorological parameters. The results of the sequential microanalysis by Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDS allowed observation of deposits of carbonaceous material on the particles and to perform the speciation of particles rich in Fe and Pb, which helped infer their possible emission sources.     

杭州灰霾天气超细颗粒浓度分布特征

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(FMPS)对杭州2013年12月6～11日连续灰霾天气和灰霾消退过程超细颗粒进行监测,分析颗粒物浓度变化和粒径谱分布特征及其与气象的相关性.结果表明,颗粒物日变化特征为夜晚数浓度较高,凌晨数浓度开始降低,08:00和18:00上下班高峰期出现一个小峰值,体现出明显的交通源峰值,表明交通排放对大气污染影响较大.灰霾天气下颗粒物最高数浓度达到8.0×104cm-3.粒径谱呈双峰分布,峰值粒径分别为15 nm和100 nm,粒径在100 nm附近的粒子占大多数,粒子以爱根核模态和积聚模态为主,平均数量中位径CMD(count medium diameter)为85.89 nm.而在灰霾消退过程,颗粒物数浓度降低,峰值粒径向小粒径演变,粒径在100 nm附近的粒子逐渐减少,核模态粒子增多,大于积聚模态,平均CMD为58.64 nm.气象因素中能见度和风力与数浓度主要呈负相关,相关系数R分别为-0.225和-0.229,相对湿度与数浓度正相关,相关系数R为0.271,冬季大气比较稳定,水平温度与数浓度的相关性较小.研究灰霾天气数浓度分布和气象因素的综合影响对其形成机制及控制有重要意义.     

基于活性污泥微生物冻后再生对废水基质降解效能的研究

采用高径比为12.5的序批式反应器(SBR)对冷冻的成熟好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）解冻驯化,研究母体颗粒冻后富集培养及其在番茄废水基质降解中的循环利用。结果表明：冻后恢复活性的污泥第60天全部颗粒化,平均粒径不小于0.45 mm;高通量测序结果显示,相较母体颗粒,该污泥中与颗粒化相关的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)优势菌群富集,微生物丰度呈显著差异（P<0.05）;复合菌株对COD、NH3-N和PO3-4-P去除率分别为98.9%、82.1%和82.2%,可实现番茄废水的有效降解。