餐饮废水的化学处理方法研究

以聚硅酸铝为混凝剂,用化学法絮凝处理餐饮废水。考查了酸度、混凝剂加入量、搅拌速度、搅拌时间、沉降时间对CODCr去除率的影响。结果表明酸度在pH9～11范围内,每100mL污水中聚硅酸铝加入量为02mL,搅拌速度为45r/min,搅拌15s,沉降15min后,测上清液的化学耗氧量,CODCr去除率可达88%左右。该方法效果好、工艺简单、易于操作管理,有实际应用价值。     

An optimised sequential extraction scheme for the evaluation of vanadium mobility in soils

Reviewing the current state of knowledge about sequential extraction applied for soil vanadium(V) fractionation, we identified an urgent requirement of an sequential extraction(SE) specified for V. Namely, almost all previous SE extracted only 8.4%–48% of total V in soils(excluding residue). Thus, we proposed an eight-step SE for V fractionation in soils according to the knowledge gained from literature and our own dissolution experiments with model minerals. After extracting the mobilisable and adsorbed V with de-ionised water and 5 mmol/L phosphate, 1 mol/L pyrophosphate was applied to gather organic matter bound V which minimised the artefact dissolving Al and Fe(hydr)oxides occurred when using HNO_3–H_2O_2for extraction. Extraction with 0.4 mol/L NH_2OH·HCl was highly selective toward manganese oxides. Fractionation of different crystalline Al and Fe(hydr)oxides associated V with 1 mol/L HCl, 0.2 mol/L oxalate buffer and 4 mol/L HCl at 95°C especially improved the extractability of V incorporated with crystalline phase associated V. The suitability of our new SE scheme was confirmed by its higher selectivity against the target phases and higher extraction efficiencies(55%–77% of total V) with model minerals and 6 soils of different properties than previous SE.     

Trace Metal Contents (Al, Cu and Zn) of Tea: Tea and Soil from Two Tea Plantations, and Tea Products from Different Provinces of China

The present project aims to investigate the possible contamination of teas with the trace metals: Al, Cu and Zn. Tea bushes sampled from two tea plantations in the northern part of Guangdong Province accumulated higher concentrations of Cu and Zn in young leaves, and of Al in old leaves. The analysis of the three metals in tea produced in different provinces indicated higher Al levels in those obtained from Guangdong and Yunnan Provinces, which may be due to the lower soil pH in these areas. Green tea had the lowest Al concentration among the four types of tea studied, as only the bud and two young leaves are used, whereas older leaves are used for other types of tea (black, Oolong and Puerh tea). The transfer of Al, Cu and Zn from soil to different parts of tea bushes was low in general, except for Zn at Lechang tea plantation which next to a Pb/Zn mine, where a higher transfer was observed from young leaves to tea products, indicating possible metal contamination during tea processing. However, low concentrations of Cu and Zn (less than 0.07 mg Cu L^-1 and 0.17 mg Zn L^-1), and moderate amounts of Al (2.1-2.5 mg L^-1) were obtained in the tea liquor (1% hot water extracts).     

铝冶炼行业危险废物产生和利用处置现状与管理对策建议

随着我国铝冶炼行业的迅猛发展,每年会产生上百万吨炭渣、大修渣和铝灰等危险废物。为推进我国危险废物精细化管理,经过深度调研,梳理了当前我国铝冶炼行业危险废物产生工艺环节、污染特性、利用处置情况及管理现状;分析了当前铝冶炼行业危险废物利用处置现状,探讨了其环境管理面临的问题,尤其是利用处置先进适用技术以及污染控制标准缺乏,综合利用产品质量标准缺失等突出瓶颈问题;并从完善标准体系、优化利用处置技术等方面,提出铝冶炼行业危险废物污染防治建议,以期助力铝冶炼行业绿色健康发展。     

粉煤灰提取液的絮凝效应

为了回收利用粉煤灰,采用盐酸浸提法制备粉煤灰提取液（CFAL）用作絮凝剂。通过单因素实验优化CFAL的制备条件,并在高岭土模拟体系内研究CFAL的絮凝效应。研究在不同CFAL投加量下浊度的去除率,确定最佳的投加剂量及在此剂量下絮体的大小与沉降性能。对原浊度为100 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,当CFAL为0.44 mg·L-1（以Al的含量计）时,浊度去除率达到90%以上。在同等剂量下,聚合氯化铝（PAC）和氯化铝（AlCl3）的浊度去除率均低于CFAL,分别为78.7%和79.2%。CFAL的絮体大小约为400 μm,沉降较快,在20 min后,去除率达到90%以上;PAC和AlCl3的絮体分别为260和330 μm,分别沉降60和40 min后,去除率稳定在80%左右。在实验剂量范围内,CFAL絮凝后对高岭土悬浊液的pH不会造成明显影响,且余铝满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）,CFAL是一种廉价、高效、安全的混凝剂。     

严酷环境下飞机典型结构异种材料电偶腐蚀特点与防护对策

介绍了电偶腐蚀的原理,以飞机结构上容易出现的三种电偶腐蚀(碳纤维增强环氧复合材料-铝合金、钛合金-铝合金、铝合金-不锈钢)为例,对目前关于这三种电偶腐蚀的研究进行了综述,分析了电偶腐蚀的环境影响因素,综述了耦合材料的失效特点和形式,探讨了利用阻隔、涂层和缓蚀剂等手段减缓和防止电偶的防护措施,指出利用微区测试技术、联合多种研究手段和复合环境因素在研究电偶腐蚀方面的重要性。在多因素条件下,设计模拟耦合件的试验,有利于模拟实际工况的特征。     

AS/PDM复合混凝剂对冬季太湖原水除藻效果研究

由聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)与硫酸铝(AS)制成的系列稳定AS/PDM复合混凝剂,用于冬季太湖原水的除藻效果研究.通过混凝除藻实验,考察了复合混凝剂加药量、AS与PDM复配质量比(20∶1～5∶1)、PDM特征黏度(0.55～3.99 dL/g)对除藻效果的影响,分析了使用复合混凝剂替代预加氯工艺的可行性.结果表明,对原水使用AS、AS/PDM(0.55/20∶1～3.99/5∶1)复合混凝剂后的余浊达到2 NTU的水厂沉淀出水浊度标准时,其加药量(以Al₂Ｏ₃计)分别为4.24 mg/L、 3.96～1.87 mg/L,除藻率分别为83.00%、 87.52%～90.93%;加药量为4.24 mg/L时,其除藻率分别为83.00%、 88.29%～97.66%,余浊分别为2.00 NTU、 1.76～0.43 NTU.对加氯水的加药量为4.50 mg/L时,AS/PDM(1.53/10∶1)复合混凝剂对原水的处理效果优于AS对加氯水的处理效果;AS/PDM(3.99/5∶1)复合混凝剂对原水的处理效果优于AS、AS/PDM(0.55/20∶1)、AS/PDM(1.53/10∶1)复合混凝剂对加氯水的处理效果.因此,AS/PDM复合混凝剂可明显提高AS对冬季太湖原水的处理效果,与单独使用AS相比,余浊达标时节省加药量,加药量相等时提高处理效果.此外,使用复合混凝剂还可替代预氯氧化工艺中加氯对混凝除藻作用的部分功能,有利于提高水质安全性.     

水中铝元素和钒元素测定方法的研究

应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP—AES法）和紫外一可见分光光度法检测水中的铝元素和钒元素的含量,并对比这两种检测方法的效果。     

Recovery and recycling of post-consumer waste materials. Part 1. Generalities and target wastes (paper,cardboard and aluminium cans)

Recycling of post-consumer waste materials is gaining increased interest due to public awareness, legislative promotion and imposition, economic benefits and appropriate technologies being available. The present paper does not deal with municipal solid waste as such, but only with the recyclable constituents. The paper does not aim at presenting recycling process details and/or fundamental research results, but reviews the major recyclables with their reuse potential, recycling technologies used, problems, solutions and potential areas of future research and development. These target recyclables include paper and cardboard, aluminium cans, glass beverage bottles, scrap metal and steel cans, scrap tyres, batteries and household hazardous waste. The present paper sets the overall picture and deals with paper, cardboard and aluminium cans only. A second part of the paper assesses the other target recyclables. The assessment of the waste availability, the existing and currently developed recovery and recycling technologies, and the economically rewarding markets while recycling, stress the technical, economic and environmental importance of this waste management sector. The activities associated with the recovery and recycling of post-consumer wastes require a strong sustainable engineering input at all phases of the treatment, from input quality control, to the selection of the most appropriate technology and the delivery of the recyclables as readily reusable feedstock.     

Heavy metal analysis in fish‐kill cases in rivers in Guipuzcoa (Spain)∗

Some fish‐kills in Basque rivers were studied by gill tissue analysis: Samples were wet digested and the solution was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In three cases, the cause was linked to the effluents of an aluminium anodizing factory, cyanide caused one kill and copper wastes were related with another. Three cases were attributed to natural reasons and one of the kills was of unknown origin.