Detecting Invasive Sericea Lespedeza (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lespedeza cuneata</Emphasis>) in Mid-Missouri Pastureland Using Hyperspectral Imagery

Missouri ranks second in cow-calf numbers in the United States and its pastureland has experienced invasion of various plant species. As one of the invasive weeds, sericea lespedeza is becoming a serious threat to pasturelands in this state. The in-situ field survey in these vast pastures is time consuming and often impossible because of accessibility. Typical aerial survey is also difficult to detect sericea because the plant is of similar size and color as natural grass and, thus, cannot be effectively discriminated in broadband aerial color photos. This study used an airborne hyperspectral image to map sericea and its invasiveness in a public grass field in Mid-Missouri. The maximal 1st-order derivative in red-near infrared region (650–800nm) was derived to separate sericea from fescue, the dominant grass in pastures in Missouri. With a simple threshold approach, sericea of various sizes were identified in the study area. It was also found that the maximal 1st-order derivatives of sericea patches were log-linearly related to sericea “volume,” a quasi 3-dimensional biophysical variable as an approximate measure of sericea invasiveness. The squared correlation coefficient (r ²) of the regression was 0.65 and the estimation error of sericea “volume” estimation was 11% based on ground measurements at 27 sample sites. With this empirical regression model, the quantitative distribution of sericea volume was mapped, which could serve as a first step in alerting landowners and the general public about the seriousness of sericea invasion in Missouri pasturelands.     

Impact of Temporal Resolution of Flow‐Duration Curve on Sediment Load Estimation1

Chen, Li, Rina Schumer, Anna Knust, and William Forsee, 2011. Impact of Temporal Resolution of Flow‐Duration Curve on Sediment Load Estimation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 145‐155. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00602.x Abstract: Estimates of a channel’s annual sediment transport capacity typically incorporate annualized flow‐duration curves. Average daily flow data, commonly used to develop flow‐duration curves, may not adequately describe sediment‐transporting flows in arid and semiarid ephemeral streams. In this study, we examined impacts of varied temporal resolution flow data on annual sediment load estimation. We derived flow‐duration curves for eight sites in the Southwestern United States based on both 15‐min and daily‐averaged flow data. We then estimated sediment loads for both flow‐duration curves using the Sediment Impact Analysis Method, implemented in HEC‐RAS. When average daily flow is used to generate flow‐duration curves, sediment load estimation is lower by up to an order of magnitude. This trend is generally unaffected by uncertainty associated with sediment particle size or hydraulic roughness. The ratio of sediment loads estimated by 15‐min versus daily‐averaged flow‐duration curves is strongly correlated with channel slope, being greater on steep‐slope channels. Sediment loads estimated by the two types of flow‐duration curves are closely correlated, suggesting possible relationships for improving predictions when high‐temporal resolution data are unavailable. Results also suggest that the largest flow contributes significantly to total sediment load, and thus will greatly impact ephemeral stream geomorphology in arid and semiarid regions.     

An Empirical Evaluation of Private Landowner Participation in Voluntary Forest Conservation Programs

The use of voluntary programs targeting resource conservation on private land has become increasingly prevalent in environmental policy. Voluntary programs potentially offer significant benefits over regulatory and market-based approaches. This article examines the factors affecting landowner participation in voluntary forest conservation programs using a combination of parcel-level GIS and remotely sensed data and semi-structured interviews of landowners in Monroe County, Indiana. A logistic regression model is applied to determine the probability of participation based on landowner education, membership in other non-forest voluntary programs, dominant land use activity, parcel size, distance from urban center, land resource portfolios, and forest cover. Both land use activity and the spatial configuration of a landholder’s resource portfolio are found to be statistically significant with important implications for the design and implementation of voluntary programs.

塔里木盆地南缘典型绿洲土壤有机碳、无机碳与环境因子的相关性

以塔里木盆地南缘的于田绿洲为靶区,结合经典统计方法分析研究区灌漠土、棕漠土、盐土和风沙土的土壤有机碳、无机碳含量与环境因子的分异规律,利用冗余分析探讨了土壤有机碳、无机碳含量与环境因子的相关性.经典统计结果表明,研究区土壤有机碳、无机碳含量均值分别为2.51 g·kg-1和25.63 g·kg-1,其中灌漠土的有机碳含量显著高于棕漠土、盐土和风沙土,风沙土的无机碳含量显著高于其他土壤类型;灌漠土的土壤含水量及养分含量最高,风沙土最低;除灌漠土外,各土壤类型盐碱化程度较高.冗余分析结果显示:环境因子对土壤碳含量影响的重要性排序为:全氮有效磷土壤含水量地下水埋深速效钾pH全盐.其中全氮、有效磷、土壤含水量和地下水埋深与土壤碳含量呈极显著相关性(P0.01);速效钾、pH与土壤碳含量表现为显著相关性(P0.05);其他环境因子与土壤碳含量的相关性均不显著(P0.05).     

干旱内陆河流域降水稳定同位素的时空特征及环境意义

依据石羊河流域武威站(海拔1 531 m)、民勤站(海拔1 389 m)和西大河(海拔2 897 m)于2013年7月至2014年7月一个完整水文年的降水样品和气象数据,分析该流域降水稳定同位素的时空变化和局地大气降水线,讨论降水过程中温度、湿度、降水量、平均水汽压以及相对湿度等环境因素对降水稳定同位素演化的影响.结果表明:①研究时段内降水稳定同位素呈现出显著的季节性变化,冬季和春季较低,夏季和秋季较高;②武威站D-excess月均值低于西大河,除可能具有不同的水汽来源外,也反映了高海拔山地地区更多的受到局地再循环水汽的影响,低海拔平原地区云下二次蒸发更强烈;③流域降水稳定同位素表现出显著的温度效应,在天气尺度上体现出降水量效应,可能是受到淋洗作用或季风环流的影响;④δ18O值与平均相对湿度呈负相关关系,可能是随着降水量与湿度的增加使云下二次蒸发作用减弱.     

中国西北干旱区的地下水资源及其特征

分析了中国西北干旱区自然地理环境、水资源形成和分布及其利用状况,重点讨论了该区地下水资源分布的地区差异与赋存特征。该区平原地下水资源是山区水资源(包括降水和雪冰融水)在平原区内的转化;山区水资源是内陆河流和平原地下水的惟一补给来源;盆地平原地下水和地表水构成一个统一的水资源系统、独立的水文单元和完整的水生态体系。充分了解干旱区降水-地表水-地下水资源链的特征,正确认识干旱区“三水”转化自然规律,合理利用“三水”,对该区域社会经济持续发展具有重要意义。     

多方法研究呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的赋存特征及来源

湖泊沉积物有机质是全球碳循环的重要组成部分之一.寒旱区湖泊由于地理位置和气候条件的特殊性,其沉积物有机质的赋存和迁移转化特征更容易受到气候变化的影响.以我国寒旱区典型代表湖泊——呼伦湖为例,采用连续提取法、C/N（碳氮比值）、δ13C（碳稳定同位素）、三维荧光光谱技术对呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的含量和组分的时空分布特征、污染来源及稳定性进行了研究.结果表明:①2018年10月（秋季）、2019年3月（冬季）、2019年5月（春季）、2019年7月（夏季）,呼伦湖表层沉积物中w（TOC）的平均值分别为（25.05±9.73）（26.92±11.60）（24.68±10.19）（24.36±10.01）g/kg,呈冬季高、夏季低,由西北部向东南部递减的时空分布趋势.②w（WEOM）（WEOM为水提态有机质）、w（FA）（FA为富里酸）、w（HA）（HA为胡敏酸）和w（HM）（HM为胡敏素）的年均值分别为（0.63±0.33）（2.31±1.26）（3.42±1.49）（19.21±7.83）g/kg,w（WEOM）:w（FA）:w（HA）:w（HM）为1.0:3.7:5.5:30.7,其中HM为有机质的优势组分.③WEOM包括类富里酸组分C1,类腐殖酸组分C2和C3,以及类色氨酸组分C4共4个荧光组分,其中,类腐殖质组分（C1+C2+C3）贡献了总荧光强度的79.2%,为优势荧光组分.④沉积物有机质主要来自于陆源,陆源有机质的平均贡献率在80%左右.⑤沉积物PQ值（胡敏酸占腐殖酸的比例）和WEOM的HIX（腐殖化指数）年均值分别为0.55和6.39,表明现阶段呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质腐殖化程度较高且相对稳定.研究显示:呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质含量较高,表现出季节和空间分布差异性;有机质主要来自陆源,以类腐殖质为主,具有腐殖化程度高和相对稳定的特点.      

宁夏干旱地区工业区对农田土壤重金属累积的影响

随着我国东部沿海地区产业向中西部地区转移,曾经被冠以"净土"的西北干旱地区受到了工业排放污染的威胁.本文以宁夏某县枸杞种植地为研究对象,采用GIS技术,以工业区为中心,结合当地主导风向,沿着黄河进行带状布点采样,分析工业区的建立对农田土壤重金属Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn、Co、Cu、Cd、Pb污染的影响.结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属累积程度较轻,只有少数样点发生人为Zn和Cd累积;工业区土壤中除了Ni元素以外,其它7种元素都有累积,其中Cd元素浓度达到污染水平的样点占总样点数三分之一.空间分布格局分析结果表明,枸杞地土壤中Cd、Zn、Cu、Mn和Pb等5种元素的分布与工业区位置有较强的相关性.从土壤重金属含量的角度来看,研究区的工业区影响还未造成枸杞地土壤重金属污染,并且由于该区域土壤的pH值普遍较高(平均pH值为8.54),因此,可以认为目前还不存在农田土壤重金属污染问题.但是工业区对农田土壤中重金属累积趋势的影响较为明显.此外,工业区对灌溉水中重金属元素的浓度也有一定影响.     

西北干旱区黄河沿岸典型工业带表土磁性特征及其环境意义

对西北干旱区黄河沿岸典型工业带中两个工业城市乌海和石嘴山表土样品进行了系统的环境磁学参数的测量,分析了表土磁性矿物的含量、种类、颗粒大小,并对其环境指示意义进行研究.结果表明,表土的磁性矿物以假单畴-多畴磁铁矿为主.磁性矿物的浓度和颗粒大小在不同功能区表现出一定的差异,工业区表土磁性矿物的浓度最高,颗粒最粗,农业区次之,原煤区浓度最低,颗粒最细.环境磁学监测手段对于因化石燃料燃烧而造成的污染指示较为敏感,而对未经燃烧原料的污染指示作用并不显著.χlf、SIRM、SOFT是指示城市土壤污染状况的有效指标,环境磁学方法是监测和评价城市土壤污染状况的一种重要手段.     

中国半干旱地区农业持续发展模式探讨

在我国２．２×１０６ｋｍ２的半干旱区,水分匮缺是制约农业持续发展的核心因素,但却并非是唯一因素,要获得该地区农业的持续发展,还必须充分注重能源和各类自然资源的合理利用以及生态平衡的综合维护。农户庭院经济的充分发展是实现集约化经营的必由之路,本文主要就该区农业持续发展的相关问题作一探讨,并在近年研究工作的基础上,提出了一种半干旱地区庭院经济发展的新模式。