宁南山区水资源承载能力及移民规模研究

通过对宁南山区水资源开发利用模式的剖析,建立了农业发展模式,提出当地水资源承载能力和合理的搬迁人口规模。讨论了干旱区水资源承载能力的理论和方法,以2000年作为基准年对宁南山区的人口、粮食需求进行了分析预测,提出了当地的农业发展模式和相应的农业生产能力,最后根据GDP和粮食生产能力,给出了宁南山区的水资源承载能力将从现状的230×104人提高到2020年的400×104人,以县为单元累计的行政合理移民规模为不到50×104人,可使生态环境得到不断恢复和有效保护。     

大渡河干热河谷农业环境资源的开发模式

大渡河干热河谷光、热资源充裕,雨、热同期,主、支流(沟)纵横交错,为农业灌溉提供了水源;经济林木资源优势相对突出,农业环境资源立体层次丰富。因此,本文提出了开发大渡河干热河谷农业环境资源的4种模式。     

A PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING ISOHYETS IN AN ARID AREA USING VEGETATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS1

A technique is presented for developing an isohyet map for the Hualapai Valley, a closed hydrologic basin of about 315 square miles in the northwestern Great Basin in Nevada. In this basin there is practically no climatic data, and in the northwest Great Basin there are too few stations for determination of rainfall on a detailed basis. Using a vegetational typing to represent a range in elevation and precipitation, an initial mean annual rainfall is determined for selected points on a grid pattern. This rainfall is then modified by using topographic parameters of slope, orientation, exposure, and rainfall shadow effect. The resulting point determinations of mean annual rainfall are then smoothed using a trend surface analysis, and an isohyetal map is drawn from the smoothed points. The technique provides an estimated accuracy of one inch of mean annual precipitation and one mile of resolution on isohyets.     

Native Seed Collection and Use in Arid Land Reclamation: A Low-Tech Approach

Loss of vegetation production in arid lands has been difficult to remediate and has signifi- cant economic impacts on human populations. Restoration efforts based on non-local materials and large-scale mechanization have not been capable of efficiently reversing the trend of environmental degradation. The use of traditional knowledge and simplified methods of seed harvesting, storing, marketing and soil preparation have proven that regeneration of native species and efficient land reclamation is possible in areas that have traditionally been considered degraded beyond redemption. This paper describes a method of land reclamation that combines tradition and simple mechanics that can be applied in all arid areas that face desertification. Because the work builds on cultural practices long used in non-industrialized societies, it is particularly adapted to rural areas. The methods described have the potential to open new low-tech economic opportunities to all segments of local non-urban populations while combating desertification and creating a more ecologically sound environment.     

荒漠生态环境监测指标体系初探

讨论了建立荒漠生态环境监测指标体系应遵循的五个原则,并提出初步的荒漠生态环境监测指标体系,将指标体系分为三个部分:(1)荒漠环境指标;(2)荒漠生物指标;(3)社会经济指标.     

干旱区绿洲新疆石河子垦区地下水生态系统安全评价

为评价干旱区绿洲新疆石河子垦区的地下水生态系统安全状况,基于自然、生态、环境、社会和经济5个属性构建了地下水生态安全评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法和灰色关联分析方法筛选16个指标作为干旱区绿洲地下水生态安全评价指标,制定了适合于干旱区绿洲的地下水生态安全等级与评价标准,基于层次分析法和熵值法进行了指标权重分配,确定了各项评价指标在不同安全等级的隶属函数,应用模糊综合评判法对研究区内5个灌区的地下水生态安全状况进行评价.结果表明:①石河子灌区、金安灌区和玛纳斯灌区对基本安全级别的隶属度最高,分别为32.2%、35.4%和27.5%,3个灌区的地下水生态系统处于基本安全状态,区域面积占垦区总面积的51.8%;②莫索湾灌区地下水生态系统处于危机状态,相应的隶属度为27.2%,区域面积占垦区总面积的16.8%;③下野地灌区地下水生态系统处于不安全状态,相应的隶属度为28.8%,区域面积占垦区总面积的31.4%.研究显示,评价结果与实际情况基本相符,综合反映了该区域人类活动与地下水、生态系统的相互关系,证明了模糊综合评判法在干旱区绿洲地下水生态系统安全评价中具有一定的应用价值.      

基于农牧民生计资本的干旱区草地适应性管理——以准噶尔北部的富蕴县为例

草地适应性管理是有效解决我国“三牧”（牧业、牧区和牧民）问题的重要路径。论文以准噶尔北部的富蕴县为例,采用系统（分层）抽样、参与性农户评估方法开展农牧户调查,建立生计资本量化指标体系及系统耦合协调度模型,测算农牧户生计资本及其耦合协调度。基于评估结果,提出干旱区草地适应性管理策略。研究表明：1）农牧民过度依赖天然草地放牧,普遍缺乏发展型生计,其生计资本水平低、生计转换能力弱、生计脆弱性高;2）农牧户间同质性较大,5项生计资本间属性分异明显,缺乏牧业合作经济组织,是研究区农牧户生计资本耦合协调度较低的主要原因;3）推进牧民生计多样化,转变牧业生产方式,发展牧区草产业,优化草地生产功能与生态功能的时空配置,有助于增强草地畜牧业人文-自然耦合系统的恢复力/弹性力。因此,加快培育新型职业牧民,加快发展现代草牧业,加快建设良好的农牧民组织,加强草地科学放牧管理,成为干旱区草地适应性管理的迫切任务。     

因地制宜的开展退耕还林工程建设

本文深入分析了当前新疆自然生态环境存在的问题及严峻形势，阐述了在新疆实施退耕还林(草)工程的重要意义。改善新疆的生态环境，走良性循环的持续发展道路，应从过去的失误中总结经验教训，尊重科学，师法自然，因地制宜，科学合理地确定退耕还林(草)规模。以政策保证退耕还林(草)工程的顺利实施，从根本上改善干早区的生态环境。通过退耕还林(草)工程的实施，调整种养产业结构，使新疆逐步走出“粮化、沙化、贫困化”的怪圈，“退”出一条脱贫致富的发展之路和一片秀美山川。     

干旱区绿洲生态环境建设之途径--以新疆阿克苏绿洲为例

本文以干旱区绿洲的特定地域条件和干旱区绿洲的表现特征为对象，介绍了处于塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘的阿克苏绿洲的状况，对干旱区绿洲的共性及存在的主要环境问题做了分析阐述。认为在实施西部大开发战略中，扩大绿洲面积、加快生态环境建设力度；建立生态环境补偿机制，动用政策、经济、技术的手段；合理调配绿洲种植结构，全面推广节水农业；提高水土资源合理开发利用与有效保护。这些途径将有助于绿洲生态环境的改善。     

SERENDIPITY: CAPTURING A DESIGN LEVEL PRECIPITATION EVENT1

ABSTRACT: On February 23–24, 1998, a frontal system moved across the U.S. Department of Energy's 3,500 km² Nevada Test Site (NTS) and resulted in significant depths of precipitation at all recording gages on the NTS. A preliminary analysis suggested that this precipitation event was of the magnitude and duration for which many flood mitigation structures have been designed. Given the data and field observations available and the potential implications of the event on the methodologies used to size flood mitigation structures throughout the West, a detailed analysis of this event was undertaken. The goals of this study were to compare this event with the regulatory design precipitation event, compare the estimated peak flow rates from the rainfall/runoff model used to size the flood mitigation structures at a radioactive waste management site with the estimated peak flows from the precipitation event, and examine if modification of the standard source of the design depths of precipitation is warranted.