金沙江干热河谷生态环境的持续发展对策

本文以东川为例,通过对金沙江干热河谷典型生态环境脆弱带的调查研究,分析了造成该地区生态环境严重破坏的原因,提出了整治泥石流、水土流失的措施,以及农业生产可持续发展的主要途径,最终达到对资源的综合开发和保护,实现人与自然协调发展的目的     

Transboundary Issues in Wilderness Management

/ The management of lands adjacent to federally designated wilderness is increasingly seen to have the potential to negatively impact wilderness resources and management objectives. This paper first examines the numerous and often conflicting laws and regulations that influence how managers can mitigate transboundary issues. We then examine the various types of transboundary issues, and describe how they impact wilderness resources. Transboundary issues include recreational use, extractive activities, fire management, exotic species introductions, aircraft overflights and military operations, water diversion, urban encroachment, and transported pollutants. KEY WORDS: Adjacent lands; Buffer zones; Ecosystem management; Wilderness; Zones of influence     

Mapping legal authority for terrestrial conservation corridors along streams

Wildlife corridors aim to promote species’ persistence by connecting habitat patches across fragmented landscapes. Their implementation is limited by patterns of land ownership and complicated by differences in the jurisdictional and regulatory authorities under which lands are managed. Terrestrial corridor conservation requires coordination across jurisdictions and sectors subject to site-specific overlapping sources of legal authority. Mapping spatial patterns of legal authority concurrent with habitat condition can illustrate opportunities to build or leverage capacity for connectivity conservation. Streamside areas provide pragmatic opportunities to leverage existing policy mechanisms for riverine and terrestrial habitat connectivity across boundaries. Conservation planners and practitioners can make use of these opportunities by harmonizing actions for multiple conservation outcomes. We formulated an integrative, data-driven method for mapping multiple sources of legal authority weighted by capacity for coordinating terrestrial habitat conservation along streams. We generated a map of capacity to coordinate streamside corridor protections across a wildlife habitat gap to demonstrate this approach. We combined values representing coordination capacity and naturalness to generate an integrated legal-ecological resistance map for connectivity modeling. We then computed least-cost corridors across the integrated map, masking the terrestrial landscape to focus on streamside areas. Streamside least-cost corridors in the integrated, local-scale model diverged (∼25 km) from national-scale least-cost corridors based on naturalness. Spatial categories comparing legal- and naturalness-based resistance values by stream reach highlighted potential locations for building or leveraging existing capacity through spatial coordination of policy mechanisms or restoration actions. Agencies or nongovernmental organizations intending to restore or maintain habitat connectivity across fragmented landscapes can use this approach to inform spatial prioritization and build coordination capacity. Article impact statement: Combined mapping of legal authority and habitat condition reveals capacity to coordinate actions along streams for clean water and wildlife.     

Scale dependency of conservation outcomes in a forest-offsetting scheme

Offset schemes help avoid or revert habitat loss through protection of existing habitat (avoided deforestation), through the restoration of degraded areas (natural regrowth), or both. The spatial scale of an offset scheme may influence which of these 2 outcomes is favored and is an important aspect of the scheme's design. However, how spatial scale influences the trade-offs between the preservation of existing habitat and restoration of degraded areas is poorly understood. We used the largest forest offset scheme in the world, which is part of the Brazilian Forest Code, to explore how implementation at different spatial scales may affect the outcome in terms of the area of avoided deforestation and area of regrowth. We employed a numerical simulation of trade between buyers (i.e., those who need to offset past deforestation) and sellers (i.e., landowners with exceeding native vegetation) in the Brazilian Amazon to estimate potential avoided deforestation and regrowth at different spatial scales of implementation. Allowing offsets over large spatial scales led to an area of avoided deforestation 12 times greater than regrowth, whereas restricting offsets to small spatial scales led to an area of regrowth twice as large as avoided deforestation. The greatest total area (avoided deforestation and regrowth combined) was conserved when the spatial scale of the scheme was small, especially in locations that were highly deforested. To maximize conservation gains from avoided deforestation and regrowth, the design of the Brazilian forest-offset scheme should focus on restricting the spatial scale in which offsets occur. Such a strategy could help ensure conservation benefits are localized and promote the recovery of degraded areas in the most threatened forest landscapes.     

Estimating Evapotranspiration for Dryland Cropping Systems in the Semiarid Texas High Plains Using SWAT

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of the most widely used watershed models for simulating hydrology in response to agricultural management practices. However, limited studies have been performed to evaluate the SWAT model's ability to estimate daily and monthly evapotranspiration (ET) in semiarid regions. ET values were simulated using ArcSWAT 2012 for a lysimeter field managed under dryland conditions at the USDA‐ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, Texas, and compared with measured lysimeter values from 2000 to 2010. Two scenarios were performed to compare SWAT's performance: (1) use of default plant leaf area index (LAI) values in the embedded plant database and (2) adjusted LAI values. Scenario 1 resulted in an “unsatisfactory” Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.42 and 0.38 for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Scenario 2 resulted in a “satisfactory” NSE value for the calibration period while achieving a “good” NSE of 0.70 for the validation period. SWAT generally underestimated ET at both the daily and monthly levels. Overestimation during fallow years may be due to the limitations of the pothole function used to simulate furrow diking. Users should be aware of potential errors associated with using default LAI parameters. Inaccuracies in ET estimation may also stem from errors in the plant stress functions, particularly when evaluating water management practices for dryland watersheds.     

以特殊环境功能区思路突破传统环境功能区划困境——新疆“十一五”环境功能区划新思维

以往的环境功能区划将城市或某一区域作为整个目标范围的功能区划,这种方法划分环境功能区不是过细就是过笼统,使保护目标定的过高或过低。环境功能区划模糊,无法从整体上解决城市结构性污染和布局不合理的现象,达不到“分级管理、分类保护、分区防治”的环境管理目的。针对新疆特殊绿洲环境特征,本文提出新的区划方法,重新对全疆各地环境功能进行特殊环境功能区划,以期明确各类特殊环境功能区的主要特点、主要问题、主导功能和建设要求,在今后的可持续发展过程中,为国民经济和社会发展提供科学的决策依据,将对新疆社会经济的快速、稳定、持续发展具有十分现实和深远的意义。     

干旱区流域生态需水量估算原则分析

运用河流廊道原理 ,提出了生态需水量计算公式。以额济纳地区为例 ,分析研究了该地区不同景观的生态需水量。结果表明 ,河流两岸的乔灌木林和灌丛草甸的生态需水量为 3 .91× 1 0 8m3,占总需水量的 39.388% ,加上河流和湖泊的蒸发耗水量 0 .55×1 0 8m3及河流自身生态用水 ,四者占总需水量的 73 .61 %。可见 ,只要保证了四者的生态需水量 ,即可保证现状河流廊道的基本功能。但从长远来考虑 ,河道的流量要确保抗性最小面积对生态需水量的要求。     

不同下垫面土壤凝结水特征及其影响因素

凝结水是干旱区生态系统重要的水分来源。2010年6-7月采用底部连通和不连通的微渗计对塔里木河下游地区胡杨林、柽柳丛和裸地3种典型下垫面土壤凝结水的变化特征、形成时间及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:①观测期间研究区裸地土壤凝结水总量最多,其次为柽柳丛的,而胡杨林的最小,其凝结水总量分别为2.60、2.49、1.26 mm,方差分析显示,不同下垫面类型土壤的日均凝结水量之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01);②凝结过程一般从22:00持续到次日8:00,晴天日出后一定时间范围内凝结现象仍继续发生,3种下垫面土壤凝结水量的变化趋势均呈双峰曲线,2:00~4:00左右达到第1个峰值,第2个峰值出现在8:00左右;③连通微渗计产生的凝结水量显著高于不连通微渗计的(t<0.01)。凝结水量主要受气温、大气相对湿度、地温、风速以及下垫面等因素的影响。     

干旱和半干旱荒漠矿区环境问题与治理对策

介绍了我国西部干旱和半干旱荒漠地区的煤炭在长期的开发活动中引发的一系列的环境问题。通过对这些问题的分析，提出了系统性、持续性的环境保护对策，以使荒漠矿区的环境得到持续性改善，实现可持续发展。     

干旱沙区人工固沙植被演变过程中土壤有机碳氮储量及其分布特征

通过测定干旱沙区不同年代人工植被固沙区土壤剖面1 m深度容重和有机碳、全氮含量,估算了人工固沙植被演变过程中土壤有机碳和全氮储量特征及其垂直分布格局.研究表明,干旱沙区人工固沙植被演变过程中,0～100 cm深土壤有机碳和全氮储量均呈增加趋势;有机碳氮储量表现出了固沙初期的显著增加期(<16 a),随后的缓慢增加积累期(16～25 a),及后期的显著增加期(>25 a),该变化趋势主要体现在0～20 cm的表层.土壤有机碳氮储量增加程度随深度增加有降低趋势,并且表层土壤(0～20 cm)有机碳和全氮储量远大于深层土壤(20～100 cm);固沙初期土壤有机碳和全氮储量的增加体现在0～100 cm各个深度,而随后积累期主要体现在0～20 cm深度,固沙后期的增加也主要在0～20 cm深度,20 cm以下增加不明显;0～100 cm深土壤有机碳氮储量表聚性随固沙植被演变越来越明显.明确了降水<200 mm的沙区人工固沙过程中植被和土壤特征的改变对土壤有机碳氮储量及分布特征的影响,为更好地理解干旱人工植被区的碳循环特征和预测该生态系统与气候变化间的反馈关系奠定了基础.