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941.
大庆地区总悬浮微粒中苯溶物及多环芳烃的测定与评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对大庆地区总悬浮微粒(TSP)中主要化学组成──苯溶物、多环芳烃的测定分析得知:苯溶物占TSP的百分含量,年均值为10.31%,在空气中的平均浓度为12.5μg/m3。与北京燕山地区1983~1984年3个生活区(迎风、东风、东炼)苯溶物年平均值比较,大庆地区苯溶物含量较低。而对总悬浮微粒中多环芳烃的测定结果可明显看出各点采暖期苯并(a)芘、多环芳烃总量的浓度虽都明显高于非采暖期,但其致癌强度和浓度都比北京市、太原市及兰州市弱、低。 相似文献
942.
943.
We studied the mass-related aerosol properties, simultaneously attwo sites at the urban roof top level in the same city. Nosystematic influence of the wind vector on the difference in theaerosol concentrations between the two locations could be found.These results are compared with results from a second, similarexperiment over a larger distance including one urban and onerural site. Surprisingly, we could not detect a tendency whichwould indicate that sampling air at distance in the order of 1 kmwould be less affected by the heterogeneity than samplingdistanced in the order of 10 km apart. On the contrary, theresults suggest that mass-related properties at two sites in thesame city are not necessarily more similar than at an urban and arural site outside the city. These results stress the limitedhorizontal homogeneity of urban atmospheric aerosol. As aconclusion it is suggested that single-site measurements of mass-related aerosol properties should be considered to berepresentative for an area smaller than 1 km2 on size. 相似文献
944.
A Multi-Channel Continuous Water Toxicity Monitoring System: Its Evaluation and Application to Water Discharged from a Power Plant 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A multi-channel continuous water toxicity monitoring system was, after confirming the systems' performance, implemented to
samples of water discharged from power plants to detect and classify their toxicity using several recombinant bioluminescent
bacteria. Each channel of the system is composed of a series of two mini-bioreactors to enable a continuous operation, i.e.,
without system interruption due to highly toxic samples. A different recombinant bacterial strain was present in each channel:
DPD2540 (fabA::lux CDABE), DPD2794 (recA::luxCDABE), and TV1061 (grpE::luxCDABE), which are induced by cell membrane-, DNA-, and protein-damaging agents, respectively. GC2 (lac::luxCDABE) is a constitutive strain, whose bioluminescence is reduced by an increase in cellular toxicity. Phenol and mitomycin C (MMC)
were used for evaluating the system's performance to detect toxic chemicals. These samples were injected into the second mini-bioreactor
according to a step or bell-curve manner. The field samples used in this study were obtained from the water discharged from
two different power plants in Korea – from a nuclear power plant and a thermo-electronic power plant, and were injected into
the second mini-bioreactor to initiate the toxicity test. Each channel showed specific bioluminescent (BL) response profiles
due to the toxic compounds present in the water samples. Comparing the BL signals between the standard toxic chemical samples
and discharged water samples, the equivalent toxicity of the field water could be estimated. Finally, it was proved that this
novel continuous toxicity monitoring system can be used as an alternative tool for the quick monitoring and control of water
quality, as well as aid in the setting up of a new monitoring strategy to protect the source of tap water and in the prevention
of polluted water discharge. 相似文献
945.
Bonadonna L Briancesco R Coccia AM Semproni M Stewardson D 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2002,77(1):31-49
A monitoring program was carried out in bathing waters along the sea-coast of the Adriatic Sea. The investigation was aimedat obtaining a quali-quantitative picture of microorganisms ofanthropic origin and of a more strictly autochthonous origin and at verifying the existence of possible reciprocal correlations and combinations of relationship between them. Results showed that the concentrations of indicators of faecal contamination, whether within or over the values established by legislation, are not always related to the presence and density of microorganisms of environmental origin but the regression modelsused can help to describe how these latter microorganisms can bein relation to levels of the other parameters. The difficultyis evident of the predictability of health effects swimming-associated; for this reason more complex models that are currently used should be taken into account for minimising the risk for bathers. 相似文献
946.
Necessity of Toxicity Assessment in Turkish Industrial Discharges (Examples from Metal and Textile Industry Effluents) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sponza DT 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2002,73(1):41-66
Toxicity of some organic and inorganic chemicals to microorganisms is an important consideration in assessingtheir environmental impact against their economic benefits.Microorganisms play an important role in several environmentalprocesses, both natural and engineered. Some organic and inorganics at toxic levels have been detected in industrial discharges resulting in plant upsets and discharge permit violations. In addition to this, even though in some cases the effluent wastewater does not exceed the discharge limits,the results of toxicity tests show potential toxicity. Toxicityknowledge of effluents can benefit treatment plant operators inoptimising plant operation, setting pre-treatment standards, and protecting receiving water quality and in establishing sewer discharge permits to safeguard the plant. In the Turkish regulations only toxicity dilution factor (TDF) with fish is part of the toxicity monitoring program of permissible wastewater discharge. In various countries, laboratory studiesinvolving the use of different organisms and protocol for toxicity assessment was conducted involving a number of discharges.In this study, it was aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of textile and metal industry wastewaters by traditional and enrichment toxicity tests and emphasize the importance of toxicity tests in wastewater discharge regulations. The enrichment toxicity tests are novel applications and give anidea whether there is potential toxicity or growth limiting and stimulation conditions. Different organisms were used suchas bacteria (Floc and Coliform bacteria) algae (Chlorella sp.), fish (Lepistes sp.) and protozoan (Vorticella sp.) to represent four tropic levels. The textile industry results showed acute toxicity for at least one organism in 8 out of 23 effluent samples. Acute toxicity for at least two organisms in 7 out of 23 effluent sampling was observed for the metal industry. The toxicity test results were assessed with chemical analyses such as COD, BOD, color and heavy metals. It was observed that the toxicity of the effluents could not be explained by using physicochemical analyses in 5 cases for metal and 4 cases for the textile industries. The results clearly showed that the useof bioassay tests produce additional information about the toxicity potential of industrial discharges and effluents. 相似文献
947.
Berg NH Gallegos A Dell T Frazier J Procter T Sickman J Grant S Blett T Arbaugh M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,105(1-3):285-307
Monitoring of Wilderness lakes for potential acidification requires information on lake sensitivity to acidification. Catchment properties can be used to estimate the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of lakes. Conceptual and general linear models were developed to predict the ANC of lakes in high-elevation (2170 m) Wilderness Areas in Californias Sierra Nevada mountains. Catchment-to-lake area ratio, lake perimeter-to-area ratio, bedrock lithology, vegetation cover, and lake headwater location are significant variables explaining ANC. The general linear models were validated against independently collected water chemistry data and were used as part of a first stage screen to identify Wilderness lakes with low ANC. Expanded monitoring of atmospheric deposition is essential for improving the predictability of lake ANC. 相似文献
948.
As large numbers of ships either take in ballast from or discharge their ballast into the Mumbai Harbor region, it is pertinent to quantify microorganisms of health concerns and suggest on the suitability of water for ballasting purposes. To meet with this main aim, a selected set of general and pathogenic bacterial groups and their seasonal variations were studied from the Mumbai Harbor area. Sampling was carried out during postmonsoon (November 2001), pre-monsoon (April 2002) and monsoon (October 2002) periods. We quantified total coliforms and eight other groups of known human pathogenic bacteria from water, sediment, marine plant and animal samples collected in and around Mumbai Harbor. When compared with similar studies from other parts/harbors of the world, the Mumbai Harbor area has over 100-times higher levels of coliforms. The serotypes of Escherichia coli O157 and Shigella-Alkaligens Dispar group were abundant throughout the year. Even Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, Salmonella spp., campylobacters and aeromonads were present in large numbers. This comprehensive study, conducted with a view to quantify these bacterial groups and to evaluate the suitability of these waters for ballasting purposes, clearly suggests that both ballasting and deballasting be avoided in this region and alternative procedures should be developed for treating/handling ballast water. 相似文献
949.
In this study, the occurrence and metabolic capacities of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) were studied in 36 water samples taken from cooling towers of 30 different buildings, such as hotels and business centres in Istanbul. SRB were present in 14 cooling towers out of 30 (46.6%) buildings and while the lowest concentration of SRB was 10 cells/mL, the highest concentration was determined as 104 cells/mL. After the distribution of SRB within cooling towers was determined, several strains of SRB were isolated and characterized metabolically. The isolated strains were composed of vibroid cells, growing anaerobically by using sulfate as electron acceptor and lactate or pyruvate as electron donor. They could be related to the genus Desulfovibrio. In addition, the recorded temperature of water samples was between 12 and 33C and a significant relationship between the number of SRB and the water temperatures was not found. 相似文献
950.
Effect of Common Pesticides Used in the Niger Delta Basin of Southern Nigeria on Soil Microbial Populations 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Ekundayo EO 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,89(1):35-41
The effects of eleven pesticides on the populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and protozoa was investigated by treating a garden soil with their recommended rates. The microbial populations were estimated using the standard plate-count technique. Of the ll pesticides investigated, phenylmercuric acetate (agrosan) at 50 g g-1 inhibited bacterial density the most, i.e. from 4,600,000 to 220 cells g-1. The pesticides were Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), tetramethylmethylthiuram disulphide (thiram),1- naphthylmethylcarbamate (Vetox 85), 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (Gammalin 20), phenylmercuric acetate (Agrosan), tetrachloroterephthalic acid (Dacthal), 4-nitrophenyl –2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl ether (Preforan), 2-ethyl-6-methyl –N-2-methoxy –1-methyl ethyl-chloroacetanide (Dual), Benlate, Brestan and Gramoxone. Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) at 240,000 g g-1 reduced bacterial population from 4,600,000 to 2,100 cells g-1, whereas tetramethylthiuram disulphide (thiram) at 100 g g-1 suppressed it by 2 log orders of magnitude. Soil application of 1-naphthylmethylcarbamate (Vetox 85) at 100 g g-1 and 1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexachlorocyclohexane (Gamalin 20) at 1,300 g g-1 repressed the bacterial numbers by 2 log orders of magnitude each. Pentachloronitrobenzene reduced the actinomycetes density from 340,000 to 320 cells g-1 and completely eliminated all fungal and protozoan propagules from the soil. The Gammalin 20 completely wiped out all the fungi, whereas phenylmercuric acetate totally eliminated all the protozoa and reduced the fungal population from 34,000 to 60 cells g-1. In general, protozoa and fungi were more susceptible to fungicides than bacteria and actinomycetes. Pentachloronitrobenzene, 1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexachlorocyclohexane and phenylmercuric acetate were toxic particularly to soil microorganisms, whereas the herbicides dacthal, Preforan and Dual were quite harmless in soil at application rates of 0.1, 0.06 and 0.02 g g-1 respectively. 相似文献