作物植株残体还田土壤对除草剂的截留作用

加入成熟作物植株残体还田的土壤（简称秸秆还田土壤）与自然土壤的土柱淋洗对比实验，研究了玉米秸秆还田土壤对除草剂乙草胺和阿特拉津的截留作用以及水稻秸秆还田土壤对丁草胺的截留作用。结果表明，作物秸秆还田土壤对所研究的三种除草剂有明显的截留作用，在土桩的最上部10cm内，秸秆还田土壤对乙草胺、丁草胺和阿特拉津的截留量分别是自然土壤对其截留量的1.33、1.77和1.88倍。     

Simulation study on vertical transport of atrazine in soil column

A simulation experiment on vertical transport of herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) in soil column was conducted using lysimeter system. The atrazine concentrations in leaching water and soil samples in column at 8 layers with 10 cm thick of each layer were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show total atrazine amount in leaching water increases nonlinearly with the leaching time and the herbicide application rate, and the atrazine concentrations in column soil decrease with the vertical depth after water leaching. The distribution of atrazine mass in the system after 154 days were that among the applied atrazine, 0.3 ％ is out through leaching water, 1％ is methanol extractable residues in soil, 46 ％ is methanol nonextractable residues in soil, and 52 ％ is other loss (including volatilization and degradation). The study indicates movement of atrazine in agriculture soil may not only have relation to the properties of herbicide, but also to the herbicide application history.     

Atrazine accumulation and toxic responses in maize Zea mays

Atrazine accumulation, oxidative stress, and defense response in maize seedlings exposed to extraneous atrazine were studied. Accumulation of atrazine in maize increased with increasing exposure concentration. The abscisic acid (ABA) content was positively correlated with the atrazine concentrations in maize roots and shoots (p < 0.05). Hydroxyl radical (·OH) in maize was determined in vivo with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Its intensity was positively correlated with atrazine concentration in roots and shoots (p < 0.05), and higher level of ·OH generated in roots than in shoots corresponded to the major accumulation of atrazine in roots. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in roots were up-regulated by atrazine exposure at 1 mg/L compared to the control and malondialdehyde content in roots was enhanced when atrazine exposure concentration reached 10 mg/L. These results suggested the exposure and accumulation of atrazine caused oxidative toxicity and antioxidant response in maize.     

固定化GEM/CAS串联工艺强化处理阿特拉津废水

考察了固定化基因工程菌强化处理(GEM)/传统活性污泥处理(CAS)串联工艺对阿特拉津废水的处理效果,水力停留时间(HRT)对处理效果的影响,基因工程菌的生长和流失情况.结果表明,当HRT为4～24h,阿特拉津初始浓度为20mg/L,以实际生活污水为碳源时,串联工艺均可以实现对高浓度高负荷的阿特拉津生物强化处理.水力停留时间为24h时,固定化细胞反应器(串联工艺A段)的处理效果最好,阿特拉津平均去除率为96.64%,出水浓度为0.56ms/L.水力停留时间为12、8和4h时,平均去除率分别为88.59%、89.79%、88.61%.反应器在以上4个HRT时, COD平均去除率分别为72.76%、64.59%、66.16%和65.84%. 在整个反应过程中,没有出现大量工程菌流失的现象,同时在固定化颗粒的表面以及浅层均观察到了大量工程菌菌体,固定化颗粒的表面还出现了生物膜和菌胶团,反应结束时,颗粒形态完好,强度满足本工艺条件下长期使用的需求.     

基于响应曲面模型的多元复合体系中沉积物吸附阿特拉津的规律

文章建立了阿特拉津（AT）、铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）和马拉硫磷（Ma）四元复合体系中沉积物吸附阿特拉津的BP神经网络模型,模型训练集、验证集、预测集的均方差分别为0.070 3、0.336 0、和0.195 0,模型输入数据与其模拟值相关系数r2=0.841 6。利用所建立的BP神经网络模型构建多元复合体系中沉积物吸附AT的中心复合实验设计并绘制响应曲面模型,结果显示,响应曲面模型可以直观反映多元复合体系中各因素间影响AT吸附的交互作用,AT×Ma的交互作用最大,而除Cu×Cd外,其他两两因素之间的交互作用均呈显著效应,其中,AT×Ma、AT×Cd和Cu×Ma对阿特拉津的吸附产生协同作用,而AT×Cu和Cd×Ma则产生拮抗作用,交互作用占AT吸附量的60.28%,对阿特拉津在沉积物上的吸附影响不可忽略。     

生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津的吸附特征及影响因素,采用批处理实验研究了灭菌(T1)、5%秸秆生物炭+灭菌(T2)、未灭菌(T3)和5%秸秆生物炭+未灭菌(T4)条件下对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在最初0—12 h内,不同处理下阿特拉津吸附量均随时间的延长而快速增加,而在12—96 h内增加较为缓慢并逐渐趋于平衡.在96 h时,T2和T4处理下阿特拉津最大吸附量分别达到46.22 mg·kg^-1和46.43 mg·kg^-1,而未添加生物炭的T1和T3处理则有所降低,分别为44.20 mg·kg^-1和43.09 mg·kg^-1.准二级动力学模型更好地拟合不同处理下土壤对阿特拉津吸附特征,T2和T4处理下吸附速率常数K分别为0.257 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和0.339 kg·mg^-1·h^-1,显著高于未添加生物炭处理的T1和T3处理(K分别为-0.083 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和-0.261 kg·mg^-1·h^-1).内扩散模型显示添加生物炭后,土壤对阿特拉津的吸附是一个由边界扩散、内部孔隙扩散等多因素控制的复杂化学过程.添加生物炭可显著提高土壤pH、有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,其中土壤有机碳含量与阿特拉津最大吸附量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).由此可见,添加生物炭可以提高土壤对阿特拉津的固持能力,减少其淋溶迁移风险,从而达到修复阿特拉津污染土壤的目的.     

基于光谱学和电化学方法的莠去津毒理作用评价

为探索莠去津对DNA的损伤及其毒性作用机制,采用紫外吸收光谱法、荧光光谱法以及电化学方法研究了莠去津与鲱鱼精DNA的相互作用,探讨了二者形成DNA加合物的作用方式.结果表明,莠去津与鲱鱼精DNA作用后,莠去津的紫外光谱呈现减色效应,并有轻微红移现象,而其荧光光谱强度明显增强;循环伏安法显示莠去津与DNA作用能引起莠去津还原电位正移,峰电流减小.以上实验结果表明,莠去津平面分子能够嵌插到DNA双螺旋链中,形成较稳定的加合物.采用电化学方法测得莠去津与鲱鱼精DNA的结合比为1:1,结合常数为1.2×105.该研究为莠去津毒理作用评价提供了一种简便的方法。     

Plant Bioavailability of “natural” and “model” Humic acid‐bound [14c] Atrazine residues

The release of bound [14C] atrazine residues and their uptake by maize plants was investigated.

“Natural”; humic acids, extracted from a brown soil, and “model”; humic acids, prepared from catechol, both containing bound [14C] atrazine residues were incubated with plants in soil. After 21 days, the maize plants contained 0.7% (plants grown in soil mixed with “natural”; humic acids) to 1.7% (plants grown in soil mixed with “model”; humic acids) of the radioactivity originally introduced.

The roots contained 55 to 70% of the [14C] residues whereas the remainder was present in the shoots. A significant amount of the total [14C] residues (29 to 53%) became again bound in plant tissues, whereas the, majority of extractable [14C] residues was present in the form of conjugates.

The behaviour of “model”; humic acid‐bound residues was comparable to that of “natural”; humic acid‐bound residues or soil‐bound residues.     

Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture V. Behaviour of atrazine in the soils of the south Australian Riverland

The transport of the s‐triazine herbicide, atrazine, through the red, calcareous earth soils of the South Australian Riverland was investigated. Small, undisturbed soil cores were extracted from the inter‐row topsoil of a vineyard adjacent to the River Murray, approximately 10 km south‐west of Overland Corner, South Australia. The vines were grown in a deep (1–4 m) reddish brown, strongly alkaline, sandy loam with a low organic carbon content (<2%). Atrazine concentrations in the leachate were dependent on application rate and soil type. High application rates on subsoil gave high rates of leaching for a longer time compared to the same application rate on topsoil and/or lower application rates on either topsoil or subsoil. Overall, 37–65% of the applied atrazine was detected in the leachate from subsoil cores, 14–25% in topsoil core leachates. Small amounts of atrazine (< 10% of applied dose) were found only in the top 2 cm of the core profiles. The results suggest that this herbicide is somewhat mobile in such strongly alkaline, sandy loam soils and that the irrigated soils of this region are likely to be prone to leaching of atrazine, and therefore that groundwater supplies in this area may be at risk of contamination through use of triazine herbicides.     

阿特拉津降解菌BTAH1的分离与鉴定

从除草剂污染的土壤中,驯化分离得到 1株能够以阿特拉津为唯一碳源氮源生长的革兰氏阳性细菌 BTAH1,该菌株能够在 126h内完全降解1000mg/L的阿特拉津.通过生理生化鉴定,结合16S rDNA聚类分析,将该菌株鉴定为微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium sp.).外加碳源不会促进该菌株对阿特拉津的降解,该菌株的最适降解温度为 25～30℃,最适降解 pH 值在 7～9 之间.该菌株具有 2 个大质粒, pBTAH11 和pBTAH12,大小分别为 20kb 和 100kb,基因定位发现有 2 个参与阿特拉津降解的基因位于其中一个较小的质粒(pBTAH11)上.