珠江三角洲空气中多氯联苯污染的区域背景研究

选择肇庆市鼎湖山自然保护区作为珠江三角洲地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)污染评价的区域性环境背景.研究表明,背景区夏季空气中PCBs的平均浓度为216.94pg/m³,其中气态PCBs的浓度是183.42pg/m³,是颗粒态的5.47倍;PCBs总量的氯数分布以三氯和四氯取代的PCBs为主,两者的总贡献率为86.41%.冬季空气样品中PCBs的总浓度是176.43pg/m³,其中气相中的浓度为123.20pg/m³,仅是颗粒相中浓度的2.31倍.与夏季空气样品不同的是,冬季气相样品中二氯到四氯取代的PCBs浓度仅是颗粒相样品中的2.94倍,几乎是夏季的1/2.与国外研究相比,鼎湖山自然保护区空气中PCBs的浓度很高.     

Total Lead and Stable Lead Isotopes in Stockholm Sediments

Lead (Pb) in the environment is derived from both naturaland anthropogenic sources. The aim of this study is to estimate the isotopic signature of anthropogenic Pb in sediments from a highly contaminated area (Stockholm), to discuss the influence of different sources on this signature, and to suggest natural Pb background concentrations. Also distribution patterns and differences between different water areas in Stockholm have been studied, both by total Pb and stable Pb isotopes. In 1993, sediment samples were collected at 24 stations in the Stockholm area and analysed for total Pb, zirconium (Zr), scandium (Sc) and stable Pb isotopes (^{204, 206-208}Pb). Total Pb data show that the Stockholm sediments are severely contaminated by Pb. The contamination seems to be rather local since the small lakes surrounding the central parts of Stockholm are much less effected than the central parts. Stockholm is clearly influenced by anthropogenic and natural sources, but in some of the small lakes also by Pb in zircons from the geological basement. The anthropogenic Pb in Stockholm has typical ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios of 0.85–0.89 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 36–38, which are distinct from natural sources. Pb/Sc ratios suggest that the natural background Pb concentration is 10–20 mg kg^-1 d.w.     

中国城市现代化国际化背景,主要问题及其发展趋势

在分析论证我国城市现代化国际化浪潮兴起的动力背景的基础上，对已提出现代化国际化目标的２０多个城市的市情特点、经济实力与战略举措进行初步考察，指出我国城市在现代化国际化进程中存在的主要问题，预期其发展态势。认为我国城市发展既有一定的经济基础，又遇上难得的有利时机，目标设计大多参照国际公认伯指标体系，并有分阶段措施。作为１２亿人口的大国，在下个世纪２０，３０年代或下个世纪中叶，有少数城市进入现代化国际     

蒙城台磁变仪跳动及其原因的初探

2001-03-09蒙城地震台地磁磁变仪CB-3(观测仪，备份仪)同时出现三个分量动线的跳动，分析表明蒙城地震台地磁总强度F、 垂直强度Z发生变化。 其原因可能是强电流作用下，地下介质电性变化所致。     

Determination of Background Concentrations of Inorganics in Soils and Sediments at Hazardous Waste Sites

Hazardous waste sites may pose a threat to human health and the environment when toxic substances are released. However, the contaminants present at a waste site may have originated on-site (i.e., resulting from releases attributable to site activities) or off-site (i.e., resulting from sources not on-site). Off-site substances may result either from natural sources (e.g., erosion of naturally occurring mineral deposits) or anthropogenic sources (e.g., widespread contamination from automobile exhaust in urban areas). To determine the appropriate action to take at a hazardous waste site, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must distinguish between substances directly attributable to the hazardous waste site (i.e., site contaminants) and those attributable to natural background concentrations. The most important factor to consider when determining background concentrations is to ensure that the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the media to be sampled at both the contaminated site and the background site are as similar as possible. Inorganics, in particular metals, are addressed. Radionuclides are not specifically addressed; however, metals with radioactive isotopes that may be encountered at hazardous waste sites are included. There are references and data included in this paper that provide average concentrations and reference values for selected soils and sediments in the United States. Suggested sampling and monitoring design approaches that could be used by scientists and engineers faced with how to determine background concentrations are identified. The issues discussed include the selection of background sampling locations, considerations in the selection of sampling procedures, and statistical analyses for determining whether contaminant levels are significantly different on a potential waste site compared with a background site.     

电子俘获检测器过洁故障的产生与排除

讨论了影响 ECD(电子俘获检测器 )本底电流的因素和 ECD过洁故障产生的机理 ,提出了排除故障的方法     

济南市大气颗粒物背景值确定方法

城市大气颗粒物背景值的确定能够为制订城市大气颗粒物污染防治目标提供重要基础支撑,探索大气颗粒物背景值确定方法对于大气污染防治具有重要意义.以济南市清洁对照点跑马岭监测数据为基础,直接采用概率密度法计算得到的ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）背景值范围分别是100~110和40~50 μg/m3.综合应用空气质量模型模拟法和概率密度法,提出基于数值模拟的城市大气颗粒物环境背景值确定方法,并在此基础上确定了济南市大气颗粒物背景值.结果表明:济南市ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）背景值范围分别是30~35和15~20 μg/m3,其中ρ（PM₁₀）环境背景值秋季（40~45 μg/m3）最高、夏季（25~30 μg/m3）最低;ρ（PM_2.5）环境背景值秋季（25~30 μg/m3）最高、冬季（10~15 μg/m3）最低.研究显示,基于数值模拟计算得到的颗粒物背景值明显低于直接采用概率密度法得到的结果,表明跑马岭受人为因素影响明显,监测结果已不能完全代表济南市大气颗粒物背景值水平;而数值模拟法可以完全剔除了人为源的贡献,计算得到较为准确的ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）背景值.      

广西西江流域土壤重金属背景值再研究

为深入探究广西西江流域土壤重金属背景值状况,在大规模系统采样的基础上,从2864件土壤样品中筛选出处于自然状态下的土壤样品.通过计算不同均值并分析比较后重新提出广西西江流域土壤重金属背景值.研究结果表明,西江流域各土壤重金属背景值为(mg·kg~(-1)):As17.04、Sb 5.08、Cd 0.56、Pb 50.72、Cu 20.79、Ni 26.47、Zn 67.34、Cr 82.66.与以前研究结果相比,本研究新提出的As、Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr背景值略有差异,差异在5%以内,而Cd、Pb背景值则分别为《土壤背景值研究方法及广西土壤背景值》研究结果的4.2、2.5倍,Sb则是全国土壤背景值的4.8倍.偏高的主要原因是西江流域上游地区的南丹县、金城江、环江县、都安县、大化县、宜州市处于地球化学异常区,该区域Cd、Pb、Sb含量十分异常,使得土壤中重金属含量整体偏高.重新提出的背景值可为该流域土壤环境研究提供参考,同时为制定土壤环境质量标准提供重要依据.     

滇东镉高背景区菜地土壤健康风险评价与基准

以滇东土壤-蔬菜系统为研究对象,通过土壤-蔬菜点位协同采样,分析了菜地土壤和不同蔬菜中Cd的积累特征及健康风险状况,并应用物种敏感度分布曲线（SSD）法,拟合出土壤Cd污染的健康风险值.结果表明：滇东菜地土壤中镉的累积量中有60.3%的样点超过了污染筛选值,曲靖市的土壤Cd质量分数平均值较高;不同类别蔬菜吸收富集镉的能力不同,叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜对Cd有较强的吸收富集能力,超标率也相对较高,研究区采集到的23种蔬菜中出现镉超标的蔬菜有11种,但蔬菜总的超标率为18%;健康风险评价结果显示无论是对成人还是儿童均不存在非致癌健康风险,3类蔬菜的风险大小依次为叶菜类 > 根茎类 > 茄果（辣椒）类,研究区蔬菜中Cd对成人和儿童均不存在健康风险,儿童的Cd暴露风险高于成人;滇东蔬菜健康风险基准值是基于保护95%及5%的蔬菜品种安全所得的土壤风险值,种植根茎类蔬菜时,HC₅=0.35mg/kg、HC₉₅=2.8mg/kg;种植辣椒类蔬菜时,HC₅=0.15mg/kg、HC₉₅=8.7mg/kg;种植叶菜类蔬菜时,HC₅=0.36mg/kg、HC₉₅=13.8mg/kg.     

深圳市土壤砷的背景含量及其影响因素研究

为摸清深圳市土壤砷的背景含量现状,以全市不受或很少受人类活动影响的基本生态控制线区域作为调查范围,布设土壤表层样点450个、土壤典型剖面样点50个,采用多点增量采样法采集表层样品500个、深层样品100个.结果表明,深圳市表层土壤砷的背景含量范围为0.07~202mg/kg,算术平均值为11.3mg/kg,95%分位值为55.9mg/kg,显著高于“七五”深圳土壤环境背景调查结果砷的95%分位值（35.4mg/kg）.不同土类中赤红壤、红壤和黄壤砷背景含量的算术平均值相近,95%分位值的高低顺序为：红壤 > 赤红壤 > 黄壤.不同母质母岩发育的土壤砷背景含量的算术平均值高低顺序为：灰色灰岩 > 砂砾页岩 > 凝灰熔岩 > 变质岩 > 花岗岩 > 片麻岩,95%分位值的高低顺序为：灰色灰岩 > 砂砾页岩 > 凝灰熔岩 > 变质岩 > 片麻岩 > 花岗岩.不同剖面层次砷背景含量的平均值和95%分位值差异较大,高低顺序为：底层 > 中层 > 表层,随着深度增加,砷的背景含量逐渐增加.土壤pH值、砂粒含量与砷背景含量呈显著负相关,黏粒、粉粒含量与砷背景含量呈显著正相关.土壤母质母岩和机械组成是影响深圳市土壤砷背景含量的主要因素.研究结果可为南方典型区域砷的土壤环境背景值研究提供参考与借鉴.