土壤环境中砷污染的危害及其研究进展

本文综述了砷污染的危害及其形成原因，介绍了国内外土壤砷污染研究的现状，展望了21世纪砷污染研究的发展趋势．     

Urban Geochemistry: Investigations in the Berlin Metropolitan Area

The distribution of 41 trace and 11 major elements in 4000 samples of topsoils (0–20cm) from the Berlin Megacity is interpreted. The detailed comparative analysis of the element distributions and the results of factor analysis showed that the distributions of the elements Al, K, Na, Rb, Zr, Nb and Ti are mainly natural origin, i.e. related to the composition of the parent material. Industrial and commercial areas often display considerably elevated values for Mo, Ni, As, Ag, Cr, Sb, Fe, Mn, Mg, P, TOC and especially Pb, Hg and electrical conductivity relative to the geogenic background of the area surrounding Berlin. Industrial areas tend to be characterised by contamination of the subsoil with Cu, Cd, Zn, Hg, Pb and Sn. In the area around Berlin, extensive, strong anamalies of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Hg occur near iron and steel industries and construction materials industries, as well as in the vicinity of sewage farms.     

广东省肥料市场现状、存在问题及对策

总结了当前广东省肥料生产、供应、价格的基本情况，指出了该省肥料市场存在的主要问题，最后提出了改善该省肥料市场秩序的对策。认为应当切实落实肥料生产流通中的各项优惠政策，降低肥料生产成本；建立适应社会主义市场经济要求的肥料储备制度；加快《肥料管理条例》的立法步伐；加强宣传和培训，提高农民鉴别能力和自我保护意识。     

中国东南燕山期内生金属成矿地动力背景探讨

本文根据矿床组合时空分布和岩浆热事件来探讨中国东南燕山期内生金属成矿作用的地动力背景。划分出七种具有一定构造意义的金属矿床类型,并确定自沿海至长江中下游依次分布的五个金属成矿带以及两个金属成矿期,将与成矿作用伴生的岩浆岩,岩浆作用归纳成为三个岩浆热事件。结合全球构造体制和东南地区燕山期构造形迹将该区燕山期成矿地动力演化划分为依次过渡的挤压—过渡—拉张这三个阶段。     

工业雷管意外起爆的防范研究

工业雷管在生产、贮运、使用过程中存在意外发火或爆炸事故。为了防止这种突然事件和避免带来的伤害与损失，笔者就可能导致意外起爆的各种原因进行了分析，提出了各种相应的防范措施和意见     

Assessment of the state of vegetation and prognosis of its anthropogenic dynamics in specially protected nature areas on the basis of Phytoecological mapping

Methodological approaches to the construction of phytoecological maps are described regarding specially protected nature areas and their specific features. Such maps offer new possibilities for the assessment and analysis of current and predicted states of vegetation.     

高活性阳极制备及阿莫西林降解中的毒性效应

采用电流调控方式制备多催化位点的高效Ti/PbO₂阳极，并对其形貌、晶型、电化学性能等进行表征，以常见抗生素阿莫西林（AMX）作为目标有机物，考察了阿莫西林在电催化降解中的毒性演变过程.结果表明，随沉积电流密度梯级升高，电极表层形貌由“四棱锥型”向“菜花状”转变，但晶相仍为β-PbO₂，同时电极伏安电荷量提高，膜阻抗降低.毒性检测结果表明，水体中AMX浓度与斜生栅藻的藻密度呈负相关，但对其叶绿素合成表现为“低浓度促进，高浓度抑制”效果.此外，优选制备电极对AMX具有较好的降解效果，AMX水体毒性水平随电催化降解呈现先升高后降低趋势，转录效应指数TELI_total值由最初1.54升至2.61，并经150min的持续电催化降为1.63.经110种基因应激结果表明，AMX在电催化降解中造成的细胞氧化应激与蛋白质应激最为明显.     

珠江三角洲空气中多氯联苯污染的区域背景研究

选择肇庆市鼎湖山自然保护区作为珠江三角洲地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)污染评价的区域性环境背景.研究表明,背景区夏季空气中PCBs的平均浓度为216.94pg/m³,其中气态PCBs的浓度是183.42pg/m³,是颗粒态的5.47倍;PCBs总量的氯数分布以三氯和四氯取代的PCBs为主,两者的总贡献率为86.41%.冬季空气样品中PCBs的总浓度是176.43pg/m³,其中气相中的浓度为123.20pg/m³,仅是颗粒相中浓度的2.31倍.与夏季空气样品不同的是,冬季气相样品中二氯到四氯取代的PCBs浓度仅是颗粒相样品中的2.94倍,几乎是夏季的1/2.与国外研究相比,鼎湖山自然保护区空气中PCBs的浓度很高.     

Total Lead and Stable Lead Isotopes in Stockholm Sediments

Lead (Pb) in the environment is derived from both naturaland anthropogenic sources. The aim of this study is to estimate the isotopic signature of anthropogenic Pb in sediments from a highly contaminated area (Stockholm), to discuss the influence of different sources on this signature, and to suggest natural Pb background concentrations. Also distribution patterns and differences between different water areas in Stockholm have been studied, both by total Pb and stable Pb isotopes. In 1993, sediment samples were collected at 24 stations in the Stockholm area and analysed for total Pb, zirconium (Zr), scandium (Sc) and stable Pb isotopes (^{204, 206-208}Pb). Total Pb data show that the Stockholm sediments are severely contaminated by Pb. The contamination seems to be rather local since the small lakes surrounding the central parts of Stockholm are much less effected than the central parts. Stockholm is clearly influenced by anthropogenic and natural sources, but in some of the small lakes also by Pb in zircons from the geological basement. The anthropogenic Pb in Stockholm has typical ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios of 0.85–0.89 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 36–38, which are distinct from natural sources. Pb/Sc ratios suggest that the natural background Pb concentration is 10–20 mg kg^-1 d.w.     

龙凤山站大气CO2浓度2种筛分方法对比研究

针对黑龙江龙凤山区域本底站2009年1月~2011年12月大气CO2在线观测数据,研究基于地面风、日变化等大气本底/非本底数据筛分方法(SWDV)和稳健局部近似回归大气本底/非本底数据筛分方法(REBS)在龙凤山区域本底站的适用性.研究表明:2种筛分方法在春、秋和冬季都能很好反映龙凤山大气CO2浓度的趋势变化及局地源汇对观测CO2浓度的影响,对于高浓度的非本底数据都能够较好的识别,但在夏季使用REBS方法会影响筛分的准确性,不建议在龙凤山区域本底站使用REBS筛分方法.SWDV和REBS法筛分出的本底数据分别占总数据量的30.7%和 58.9%.2种方法均筛分为本底浓度和非本底浓度的数据分别占总数据量的21.5%和32.0%.二者筛分的本底季平均浓度在春季相差最小为(0.1±0.3)×10-6(摩尔比,下同),冬季和秋季次之,在夏季相差最大为(4.2±1.0)×10-6.典型个例分析表明,SWDV法会将白天一些受西南污染气流影响的CO2浓度误筛分为本底浓度,REBS法会将个别在静稳天气条件下受局地影响大的CO2观测值误筛分为本底浓度.夏季局地污染状况可能被植被强烈的光合作用抵消,CO2浓度变化不大,使得REBS误筛分为本底浓度,以及对于一些较低的CO2浓度值,REBS误筛分为非本底浓度,这些因素导致2种筛分方法在夏季本底浓度差别较大.